Symbolism of the Mississippi River in Huckleberry Finn Essay examples -

Rivers are often associated with freedom and growth as they are vast and constantly moving and progressing. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is no exception as Mark Twain beautifully paints a picture of a boy who grows significantly during his journey down the disseminated multiple sclerosis River. In the offset of the novel, Huckleberry Finn yearns for his freedom from people who hold him down such as the Widow Douglas and Pap. Ironically, he finds freedom in a place nearby the river. When he beginning(a) begins to travel down the river, Huck is more or less self-involved with his own personal motives in mind when running away. He complains about boredom and loneliness when what he really wanted in the first place was to be left alone. When he comes upon Jim, he is overjoyed to be with someone at last and being that it is a Negro man running for his freedom, he begins his growth as a character. As he moves down the river, we see his growth in stages and oftentimes of it is due to his experiences on the water, which ultimately becomes his moving home. Twain uses narrative devices and literary techniques to exemplify Hucks relaxed yet lonesome attitude toward the Mississippi River. In the beginning, Huck tells us that two or three days and nights went by (135). Usually, two or three days when running away seems the likes of an eternity but, for Huck, they slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely (135). He is relaxed on the river and shows this by his ability to lose track of time and watch it docking by. Huck describes his daily routine, which seems more suitable for a vacationer than a runaway, like this Soon as night was most gone, we stopped navigating and tied up-nearly everlastingly in the dead water under a tow-head, and then cut young cottonwoods and w... ...hors use of description and literary techniques. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, there is much talk of being alone or being cast away from society. This is most understood when Ma rk Twain describes the vastness of the river. His narrative devices and literary techniques benefactor us feel these characteristics. Loneliness is a reoccurring theme as well and how better to feel the loneliness that Huck is experiencing than to describe the slow-moving life on the large, open Mississippi River. Twain does a beautiful job of this throughout the novel and especially in this passage. What we are left feeling for Huck is hope, want that he finds the freedom he is looking for. Hope that he can help Jim to the free states, and hope that he will never be nonsocial again.Work Cited Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, London W.W. Norton and Company, 1999.

Hearst :: Essays Papers

HearstINTRODUCTIONAmerican journalism and mass media were both profoundly influenced by a verydominating figure. In the last decade of the 19th century up until the end of the first half of the 20th century, William Randolph Hearst was a mega-force to be reck onenessd with. Hearst was a famous American publisher who built up the nations largest chain of newspapers. He was also a political figure and one of the leading figures during the Spanish-American War period. In his newspapers, he introduced a sensational journalistic style of writing and spent millions of dollars to fascinate andcaptivate readers. This kind of journalism was draw by critics as Yellow Journalism. During his lifetime, even up until today, he has been respected, feared, loathed and envied by his friends and enemies alike. A man in his position was capable of being the greatest constructor or the most destructive evil of the Nation. BIOGRAPHYOn 29th day of April 1863, in San Fra ncisco, California, Phoebe Apperson Hearst, in great torment, gave birth to a male child in her bedroom. The boy was named William Randolph Hearst. William Randolph Hearst was the only child of George and Phoebe Hearst. His father, George Hearst ( 1820-1891 ), was not born into a rich and wealthy family. He did his share of the labor at a lead mine near his home. Mining had always fascinated him even from his childhood years. He later earned the nickname the Boy-That-Earth-Talked-To from the miners he was working with. With formidable luck, hard working and blessings, he worked his way to become a multimillionaire miner and had also become a United States Senator from California ( 1886-1891 ). His mother,Phoebe Apperson Hearst ( 1842-1919 ), was a philanthropist and a school teacher from Missouri. She had gained national fame for her gifts to needy students and educational institutions. While Hearst was a boy, his father traveled throughout the West, from Mexico to Alask a, becoming a partner in three of the largest mining discoveries ever recorded in American history the Comstock ( silver ) Lode in Nevada, the Homestake ( gold ) Mine in South Dakota and the anaconda (copper) Mine in Montana.

My Personal Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Education

Personal Philosophy of Education I would non be considered your typical college student in search of an education degree. I am a 31 year old male, married, with two nipperren, and working on my second career. My previous life consisted of working in the coal mines boulder clay I was injured. My injury, however, is considered a blessing in disguise. My injury has leaded me to the world of education. I have seen first hand the difference an educator can stimulate in the life of a child the child was my own son. My eldest son, diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome, was unable to communicate. He had the opportunity to be enrolled in the early handling program in Raleigh County. The first individual with the challenge of assisting my child was not able to fulfill her roles and think outside of the box to reach him. My wife and I promptly searched for the appropriate educator for him. My family was blessed when we found Ms. Mitzi. In the matter of weeks o ur son was able to tell his mommy he loved her. This squeeze my life significantly and I wish to be able to pass on what was given to my child and my family.I chose education as my career street because I hope to be able to make a small difference in a childs life. Time and time again I have seen children being educated poorly and/or not having appropriate role models in their life. I feel that an educator must not only be able to convey to the student the classroom material, but also be a counselor, coach, mentor, and a parent. Failing to fulfill these roles gives a child the chance to slip through the educational system without having the opportunity to influence them to some degree. I can not narrow down my educational school of thought to one area. I have studied the teacher-centered philosophies and I would consider myself somewhat eclectic, having a mixture of progressivism and essentialism. Essentialism is Essentialism refers to the tradition al or Back to the Basics approach to education.

Sony Corporation Executive Summary :: Sony Business Marketing Essays

Sony Corporation Executive SummarySonys current financial difficulties are tied into its corporate culture whichwere state over 30 years ago. With such(prenominal) a largemultinational corporation, greater planning and more use ofstrategies should be pursued. Sony could start with theimplementation of a new mission statement, with profit andbenefits of the company tied more closely to everydayoperations. Internally, the four forces, the management, thedesigners, the production and the marketing should achievebetter communication and cooperation. confederacy andcooperation between competitors should also be activelysort after in order to create standards in new fields. Sonyshould aim at being the attraction instead of being themaverick. As for cost cutting, Sony should seriouslyconsider setting up operations in other Asian countries inorder to form advantage of the cheap labour and thebudding markets. Finally, diversification, instead of pursuingthe fast changing and easily imitat ed consumer goodsmarket, Sony should use its technological know-how forhigh-end business and office equipment. With SWOT compendium and Porters competitive forces model, we canview that the market is much more competitive with lessprofit margins and lead-time for product launching. Theconclusion is that change is needed in Sony. However,evenwith strategirial and structure change, the Sony spirit ofinnovation should remain intact because that is what madeSony grow and would make it stay strong. IntroductionThe first thing that comes to peoples minds of the companyand products of Sony is itshigh-technology-filled-with-gadgets electronic goods andinnovation. It was also this innovation that make Sony thegreatest company that started in post-war Japan. Sony hasused its innovation in building markets out of thin air,created a multibillion, multinational electronic empire withproducts such as the transistor radio, the Trinitron, theWalk-in and the VTR. that changed everyday householdliv es forever. However, this consumer targeted quest forexcellence and constant innovation instead of targetingmainly at profit also has a lot to do with current crisis Sonyis facing - sales and profits are down or are slowing down,capital investment cost and R&D are climbing, competitorsare moving in with copycats, the battle between VHS andBeta and the search for a smash hit product such as theTrinitron or the Walk-in. This volatility and emphasis (orgambling) on new products instead of concentrating onprofit and loss statements have always been a part of Sonysince its beginning days. For apiece successful product (i.e.transistor radio and Trinitron), R&D cost often ran so highthat the they pushed the firm to the verge of bankruptcy.This can also be seen through the eyes of the investor inwhich although sales have increased tremendously

The First Generation Of Computers :: essays research papers

The First Generation of ComputersThe first generation of computers, beginning around the end of human War 2,and continuing until around the year 1957, included computers that used vacuumtubes, drum memories, and programming in machine code. Computers at that timewhere mammoth machines that did non have the power our present day desktopmicrocomputers.     In 1950, the first real-time, interactive computer was completed by adesign team at MIT. The "Whirlwind Computer," as it was called, was a revampedU.S. Navy project for developing an variantcraft simulator. The Whirlwind used acathode ray tube and a light gun to provide interactively. The Whirlwind waslinked to a series of radars and could identify unfriendly aircraft and directinterceptor fighters to their projected locations. It was to be the prototypefor a network of computers and radar sites (SAGE) acting as an important elementof U.S. air defense for a quarter-century after 1958.   &nb sp In 1951, the first commercially-available computer was delivered to theBureau of the Census by the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation. The UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer) was the first computer which was not a one-of-a-kind laboratory instrument. The UNIVAC became a household word in 1952 when itwas used on a televised newscast to project the winner of the Eisenhower-Stevenson presidential race with stunning accuracy. That alike year Maurice V.Wilkes (developer of EDSAC) laid the foundation for the concepts ofmicroprogramming, which was to become the guide for computer design andconstruction.     In 1954, the first general-purpose computer to be completelytransistorized was construct at Bell Laboratories. TRADIC (Transistorized Airborne

The Kyoto Protocol Essay -- Environment USA Carbon Emissions Essays Pa

The Kyoto ProtocolThe ProtocolIn December of 1997 the industrial nations of the world met in Kyoto, Japan to discuss a communications protocol that would require each nation to subordinate their emission levels of greenhouse gases. On average the protocol required a 5.2% reduction on emission of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon-dioxide, in each signatory nation. 1 However some nations, like the U.S. who were obligated to reduce emissions by 7% of their 1990 levels by 2012, were required to reduce emission levels more or less than the average of 5.2% based on the current levels the nation emits. By March 16, 1997 the protocol was opened for signature and the scratch nations to sign were Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Maldives, Western Samoa, Switzerland and St. Lucia. Today 84 nations have signed the protocol and 104 have ratified it, accepted it, approved it, or come to an accession. 2 Although the unify States under the Clinton Administration did originally sign the protocol und er the scouring Administration, in March of 2001, the U.S officially backed out of the Kyoto Protocol.3 According to President Bush the Kyoto Protocol makes no economic sense, it makes no common sense. 4 Economically he was worried about the effects of the California energy crisis along with the holy terror of a recession. 5 In addition President Bush rejected the Kyoto Protocol because of its failure to include developing countries like China which is the second largest manufacturing business of greenhouse gases. 6 However, other nations of the world and our own nation saw it as a moral lapse by the worlds biggest polluter. 7 The United States, which except has 4% of the worlds population, creates 25% of the pollution. 8 In an article written for the Seattle Times, Eric Sorensen f... ...February 9, 2003) 14. Shogren, Elizabeth. Bush Pushes to repulse U.S. Greenhouse Emissions. June 10, 2001. Los Angeles Times. http//archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com (accessed February 9, 2003 ) 15. Pianin, Eric. Bush Offers No Alternative to Kyoto Treaty. Washington Post. http//archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com (accessed February 9, 2003) 16. Shogren, Elizabeth. Bush Pushes to Cut U.S. Greenhouse Emissions. June 10, 2001. Los Angeles Times. http//archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com (accessed February 9, 2003) 17. Brodeur, Nicole. City Thinks Global, Skips Things Local. July 24, 2001. Seattle Times. http//archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com (accessed February 9, 2003) 18. Forgrave, Reid. Resolution Sent to Council for Global-Warming Action. July 20,2001. Seattle Times. http//archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com (accessed February 9, 2003)

The Protestant Ethic as a Driving Force of Capitalism According to Max Weber and His Book „the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”

The protestant ethical code as a driving force of capitalism according to Max weber and his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Maximilian Carl Emil Max weber was a Ger reality sociologist and a political economist. His micturate on sociology of religion is probably what he is crush grapplen for. He was hard to understand how religion may apply an effect on sparing ethics despite the point that the 2 wrong are rarely related. His first work on the subject The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is probably the piece which has defined his career as a sociologist.During the later half of the 19th century the world was beginning to experience rapid and fundamental changes. The Second Industrial revolution was rapidly reduction the cost of living, improving global life standards. Scientific break by means ofs and ideas were leading to a fast evolution of stintingalal outgrowth while flock like Charles Darwin, inquirying Thomas Huxley and Georg e M completi oneness(a)l were redefining the very concept of mans place in the world. People were beginning to precipitate the world around them in a several(predicate) manner and it was rapidly trans general anatomying a process which saw its conclusion after the First World War.Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the SummerDuring such a period when came out Webers The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in a world where the three biggest industrial roles (The British Empire the United States of America The Second German Reich) were protestant it is non hard to understand why he saw Protestantism as a factor for the prevalence of some countries all over other. Throughout his book, Weber emphasizes that his account is incomplete. He is not arguing that Protestantism caused the capitalistic spirit, but rather that it was one impart factor. He also acknowledges that capitalism itself had an impact on the development of the religious ideas.The fu ll story is very much more complex than Webers partial account, and Weber himself eer re mental capacitys his readers approximately his own limitations. The book itself has an introduction and five chapters. The first three chapters make up what Weber calls The Problem. The first chapter addresses ghostlike Affiliation and Social Stratification, the instant The Spirit of Capitalism, and the third Luthers Conception of the Calling and the Task of the Investigation. The tetradth and fifth chapters make up The Practical Ethics of the Ascetic Branches of Protestantism. The fourth chapter is about The Religious Foundations of Worldly Asceticism, and the fifth chapter is about Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism. The book is not a study of the Protestant movement in the Christian religion. It is more an ceremony of how the ideas it preaches have influenced Capitalism. Protestantism began with The Protestant reclamation, also called the Protestant Revolt or simply The Reforma tion, which was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a luck branch of contemporary Christianity.It was led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestants. The self-described reformers (who protested) objected to the beliefs, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, and created new national Protestant churches. There were legion(predicate) smaller bodies as well. The most common dating begins in 1517 when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that stop overed years of European religious wars. Protestantism offers a concept of the worldly business, and gives worldly activity a religious character.While important, this alone basenot explain the need to espouse good. unitary branch of Protestantism, Calvinism (established by John Calvin from whom the cognomen of the movement derives), does provide this explanation. Calvinists believe in predestinationthat god has already determined who is saved and who is damned. As Calvinism developed, a deep psychological need for clues about whether one was actually saved arose, and Calvinists looked to their success in worldly activity for those clues. Thus, they came to value profit and material success as signs of Gods favor.Other religious groups, such as the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist sects had standardized attitudes to a lesser degree. Weber argues that this new attitude broke down the traditional economic outline, paving the path for innovational capitalism. Having in mind all which has been said up to this point Max Weber deduced that the Protestant ethic was the driving force slow capitalism and the economical and social development in the countries which were the founders of the religious movement. S tiptoping from a strictly historical point of perspective the Reformation had its main influence in already developed cities and states.Thus it could be possibly true to say that the Protestant movement was only a result from an already developing capitalist system. This, however, leads to the question of why, during the Protestant Reformation, the districts that were most economically developed were also most favorable to a revolution. It is true that freedom from economic traditions might make one more likely to also doubt religious traditions. However, the Reformation did not eliminate the influence of the Church, but rather substituted one influence for another that was more intervening in the lives of its fol inflicts. The reformation is not a suspension of Church dominance over life but rather a transition to a different kind of dominance. This may be the case in protestant countries but this does not disengage into account that after the Reformation there lowlife be seen a shift of power in Europe form Catholic states like Spain, Italy and France to Protestant states such as England, the Netherlands, Ger galore(postnominal) and Scotland. Webe r begins his study with a question What about Western purification has made it the only civilization to develop certain cultural phenomena to which we like to attribute universal value and importation?Only in the West does wisdom that we consider valid inhabit. While empirical knowledge and observation exist elsewhere in science, history, art and architecture, they wish the rational, systematic and specialized methodology of the West. In particular, the development of bureaucracy and the trained official are unique to the West, as is the modern rational state. Weber makes a distinction in his work among capitalism and modern capitalism. For him capitalism has existed since ancient times and examples of capitalism roll in the hay be found in Egypt, Babylon, India and China.In this category he includes different opportunities which are of unintended and irrational character and are related with quick accumulation of wealth. Such random occurrences are activities like property -lending, state contracts and state financing, tax ransoms, colony using and monopoly, profiting from wars, revolutions, political parties and etc. All of these forms differ from modern capitalism because of their speculative nature and the usage of random chances for profit. jibe to Weber the specific key points of modern capitalism are A strive for an uninterruptedly repetitive profit, Achieving of profit through peaceful chances of exchange and not through violence and aggression The progeny of the primarily bourgeoisie production capitalism with its rational organization of the free spirit This new form is the rational capitalistic organization of (formally) free labor. This form reflects rational industrial organization, the separation of credit line from the household and rational bookkeeping. However, ultimately these things are only evidential in their association with the capitalistic organization of labor. carry calculationthe basis of everything elseis only possibl e on the basis of free labor. Weber says that we must try to understand what it was about the West that encouraged the adept utilization of scientific knowledge through things like bookkeeping. Similarly, we must ask where the rational law and administration of the West came from. Why didnt the political, artistic, scientific or economic development of other countries follow the alike(p) path of rationalization?Weber makes a connection between the Protestant ethic which was accepted after the Reformation process in Europe and economic development using this definition of modern capitalism Weber gives out a detailed psychoanalysis of statistical data which reflect the social stratification between Protestants and Catholics. The research was extended using information gathered from countries of mixed religious composition Germany, Austria and the Netherlands and he uses it to deduct that owners and business leaders, as well as the higher skilled laborers and personnel, are overw helmingly Protestant.Weber also says that though it might be thought that the greater participation of Protestants in capitalism is due to their greater inherited wealth, this does not explain all the phenomena. For example, Catholic and Protestant parents tend to give their children different types of information. While most Catholics opt a humanitarian education, Protestants who according to Weber are prepare themselves for a bourgeoisie style of life prefer a more material education in rewrite to master specific skills related with industrial manipulation. He explains this with the difference in early upbringing.Catholics also have more of a inclining than Protestants to stay in handicrafts rather than to go into industry. This suggests that their environment has determined the choice of occupation. This seems all the more likely because one would normally expect Catholics to get knotted in economic activity in places like Germany, because they are excluded from political i nfluence. However, in reality Protestants have shown a much stronger tendency to develop economic rationalism than Catholics have. The task of Weber is to investigate the religions and see what might have caused this behavior.What does the term the spirit of capitalism mean? This term can only be applied to something that is a complex of elements associated in historical reality which we unite into a conceptual whole from the standpoint of their cultural significance. The final concept can only come out at the end of an investigation into its nature. There are many dashs to define the spirit of capitalism. In company to dress hat formulate it Weber put in regard what about the spirit interests him this, however, is not the only possible point of view.To come up with a formulation, Weber looks a long excerpt from the writings of Benjamin Franklin. He says that Franklin illustrates the Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism. The only work by Benjamin Franklin is Autobiogr aphy, which consists of useful advices mainly oriented at the poor. According to Franklin time is money, credit is money, and that money can accumulate money. He encourages people to pay their debts on time, because this allows you to gain the self-assurance of others. He also encourages people to present themselves as industrious and trustworthy at all times.Weber says that this philosophy of avarice sees increasing capital as an end in itself. He sees it as an ethic, and the individual is seen as having a concern to prosper. This is the spirit of modern capitalism. While capitalism existed in places like China and India, and in the Middle Ages, it did not have this spirit. All of Franklins moral beliefs relate to promoting profit. They are virtues for this reason, and Franklin does not object to substitutes for these virtues that accomplish the resembling ends. However, this is not simply egocentrism.The capitalist ethic does not embrace a hedonistic life-style. Earning more a nd more money is seen completely as an end in itself, and is not just the essence for purchase other goods. This seemingly irrational attitude towards money is a leading principle of capitalism, and it expresses a type of feeling closely associated with certain religious ideas. Earning money reflects virtue and proficiency in a craft. This idea of ones duty in a calling is the basis of the capitalist ethic. The individual should feel obliged to pursue success in his professional activity.This does not mean that the idea only appeared under capitalistic conditions, or that this ethic must continue in order for capitalism to continue. Capitalism is a vast system that forces the individual to play by its rules, in an economic survival of the fittest. However, Weber argues that in order for a manner of life so conducive to capitalism to cause dominant, it had to originate somewhere, as a way of life common to a large bout of people. It is this origin that must be explained. He reje cts the idea that this ethic originated as a reflection or superstructure of economic situations.In Massachusetts, the spirit of capitalism was present sooner the capitalistic order took shape, as complaints of profit-seeking emerged as early as 1632. Furthermore, the capitalistic spirit took stronger hold in places like Massachusetts that were founded with religious motives than in the American South, which was settled for business motives. Furthermore, the spirit of capitalism actually had to fight its way to dominance against hostile forces. In ancient times and during the Middle Ages, Franklins attitude would have been denounced as greed.It is not the case that greed was less pronounced then, or in other places that lack the capitalist ethic. The biggest opponent of the capitalist ethic has unceasingly been traditionalism. Weber says that he lead try to make a definition of traditionalism by looking at a few cases but he advises that it should not be accepted by people and th at he only uses it in order to explain its influence on opposing capitalism. First, there is the laborer. One way in which the modern employer encourages work is through price-rates, for example paying an agricultural worker by the amount harvested.In order to increase productivity, the employer raises the rate of pay. However, a frequent problem is that rather than working harder, the workers actually work less when paid more. They do this because they can reduce their workload and dumb make the same amount of money. He did not ask how much can I earn in a day if I do as much work as possible? But how much must I work in order to earn the wage, 2 1/2 marks, which I earned before and which takes care of my traditional require? This reflects traditionalism, and shows that by nature man simply wants to live as he is used to living, and earn as much as is necessary in order for this.This is the leading trait of pre-capitalistic labor, and we understood encounter this among more bac kward peoples. Weber then addresses the opposite policy, of cut back wages to increase productivity. He says that this effectiveness of this has its limits, as wages can become insufficient for life. To be effective for capitalism, labor must be performed as an end in itself. This requires education and it is not something which comes infixedly to people. Weber then considers the entrepreneur in terms of the meaning of traditionalism. He observes that capitalistic enterprises can still have a traditionalistic character.The spirit of modern capitalism implies an attitude of rational and systematic pursuit of profit. Such an attitude finds its most suitable look through capitalism, and has most effectively motivated capitalistic activities. However, the spirit of capitalism and capitalistic activities can occur separately. For example, we must consider the putting-out system when work is contract by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facility, usu ally their own home. This represents a rational capitalistic organization, but with still traditional spirit.It reflects a traditional way of life, a traditional relationship with labor, and traditional interactions with customers. At some point, this traditionalism was shattered, but not by changes in organization. Rather, some young man went into the country, carefully chose weavers whom he closely supervised, and made them into laborers. He also changed his relationship with his customers by making it more individualized and eliminating the middleman, and he introduced the idea of low prices and large turnover. Those who could not compete went out of business.A leisurely attitude towards life was replaced by an economic way of life. Most importantly, it was usually not new money that brought about this change, but the new spirit which was starting to manifest itself in some people. People who succeeded were typically temperate and reliable, and completely addicted to their busi ness. Today, there is little connection between religious beliefs and such conduct, and if it exists it is usually negative. For these people, business is an end in itself. This is their motivation, despite the fact that this is irrational from the perspective of personal happiness.In our modern individualistic world, this spirit of capitalism might be understandable simply as adaptation, because it is so well suited to capitalism. It no continuing needs the force of religious conviction because it is so necessary. However, this is the case because modern capitalism has become so powerful. It may have needed religion in order to overthrow the old economic system. It is hardly necessary to prove that the idea of moneymaking as a calling was not believed for whole epochs, and that capitalism was at best tolerated.It is nonsense to say that the ethic of capitalism simply reflected material conditions. Rather, it is necessary to understand the background of ideas that made people feel they had a calling to make money. Weber is very strict and analytical when he begins his analysis on the tidings calling. Both the German word Beruf and the English word calling have a religious connotation of a task set by God. This type of word has existed for all Protestant peoples, but not for Catholics or in antiquity. Like the word itself, the idea of a calling is a product of the Reformation.It is significant because it is the first religious term that gives any significance to earthly activities which have prior been neglected by all other religious doctrines and creeds. People are now perceived as having a duty to fulfill the obligations imposed upon them by their position in the world. Martin Luther developed this idea each legitimate calling has the same worth to God. This moral justification of worldly activity was one of the most important contributions of the Reformation, and particularly of Luthers role in it.However, it cannot be said that Luther actually had the sp irit of capitalism in mind when he wrote his work The Ninety-Five Theses. The way in which the idea of worldly labor in a calling would evolve depended on the evolution of different Protestant churches. The Bible itself suggested a traditionalistic interpretation, and Luther himself was a traditionalist. He came to believe in absolute obedience to Gods go away, and acceptance of the way things are. Thus, Weber concludes that the simple idea of the calling in Lutheranism is at best of limited importance to his study.This does not mean that Lutheranism had no practical significance for the development of the capitalistic spirit. Rather, it means that this development cannot be directly derived from Luthers attitude toward worldly activity. We should then look to a branch of Protestantism that has a much bigger contribution to the development of modern capitalism -Calvinism. Historically, the four major forms of ascetic Protestantism have been Calvinism, Pietism, Methodism, and the Ba ptist sects. None of these churches are completely independent of each other, or level from non-ascetic churches.Even their strongest dogmatic differences were combined in various ways, and similar moral conduct can be found in all four. We see, then, that similar ethical requirements can correspond with very different dogmatic foundations. In examining these religions, Weber explains that he is interested in the influence of those psychological sanctions which, originating in religious belief and the practice of religion gave a direction to practical conduct and held the individual to it. People were concerned with abstract dogmas to a degree that can only be understood when we see how connected these dogmas were with practical religious interests.The capitalistic spirit was not the goal of these religious reformers their cultural impact was unforeseen and maybe undesired. Weber observes that Calvinism expected systematic self- reassure, and provided no opportunity for forgivenes s of weakness. The God of Calvinism demanded of his believers not single good works, but a life of good works combined into a unified system. Calvinisms most distinctive dogma is the doctrine of predestination. Calvinists believe that God preordains which people are saved and which are damned. Calvinists came to this idea from logical necessity.Men exist for the sake of God, and to apply earthly standards of justice to God is unimportant and insulting. To question ones fate is similar to an animal complaining it wasnt born a man. Humans do not have the power to change Gods decrees, and we only know that part of humanity is saved, and part damned. Thus it became a psychological necessity to have some means of recognizing people in a state of grace, and two such means emerged. First, it was considered an absolute duty to consider oneself as one of the saved, and to see doubts as temptations of evil.Secondly, worldly activity was encouraged as the best means of gaining that self-conf idence. Calvinism rejected the mystical elements of Lutheranism, where humans were a vessel to be filled by God. Rather, Calvinists believed that they were only a way through which God worked. Faith had to be shown in objective results. They looked for any activity that increased the glory of God. Such conduct could be based directly in the Bible, or indirectly through the purposeful order of Gods world. Good works were not a means to salvation, but they were a sign of having been chosen.This was a rational and systematic approach to life. Since people had to prove their faith through worldly activity, Calvinism demanded a kind of worldly asceticism. It led to an attitude toward ones neighbors sins that was not sympathetic, but rather full of hate, since he was Gods enemy, attitude the signs of eternal damnation. This implied a Christianization of life that had dramatic practical implications for the way people lived their lives. Furthermore, religions with a similar doctrine of pr oof had a similar influence on practical life.Predestination in its magnificent consistency was the foundation for the Puritans methodical and rationalized ethics. The different branches of ascetic Protestantism had elements of Calvinist thought, plain if they did not embrace Calvinism as a whole. Weber again emphasizes how fundamental the idea of proof is for his study. His theory can be understood in its purest form through the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. Calvinism did have a unique consistency and an extraordinarily powerful psychological effect.However, there is also a recurring framework for the connection between faith and conduct in the other three Protestant movements. Weber concludes his study with an attempt to describe the relationship between ascetic Protestantism and the spirit of capitalism. To understand how religious ideas translate into maxims for prevalent conduct, one must look closely at the writings of priests. To demonstrate how religious ideas tran slate into maxims for everyday conduct Weber uses the writings of Richard Baxter as a model of ascetic Protestantism ethics.In his work, it is striking to see his suspicion of wealth as a dangerous temptation which could lead to relaxation, idleness, and distraction from the pursuit of a innocent life. Possessions are only objectionable because of this risk of relaxation only activity promotes Gods glory. Thus, wasting time is the worst of sins, because it means that time is lost in promoting Gods will in a calling. Baxter preaches hard and continual mental or bodily work. This is because labor is an acceptable ascetic technique in the Western tradition, and because labor came to be seen as an end in itself, ordained as such by God.This does not change, even for those people who are wealthy, because everyone has a calling in which they should labor, and fetching the opportunities for profit that God provides is part of that calling. Weber then attempts to clarify the ways in which the Puritan idea of the calling and asceticism influenced the development of the capitalistic way of life. First, asceticism opposes the spontaneous enjoyment of life and its opportunities such enjoyment leads people away from work in a calling and religion.Weber argues, That powerful tendency toward unison of life, which today so immensely aids the capitalistic interest in the standardization of production, had its ideal foundations in the repudiation of all idolatry of the flesh. Puritans felt a duty to hold and increase their possessions. It was ascetic Protestantism that gave this attitude its ethical foundation. Asceticism also condemned dishonesty and impulsive greed. The pursuit of wealth in itself was bad, but attaining it as the result of ones labor was a sign of Gods blessing.Thus, the Puritan outlook favored the development of rational bourgeois economic life, and stood at the cradle of the modern economic man. It is true that once attained, wealth alienated people fr om Protestantism. In fact, we can see that the full economic effects of these religious movements actually came after the peak of religious enthusiasm. The religious roots died out slowly, giving way to utilitarian worldliness. However, these religious roots left its more secular successor a scruples about acquiring money, as long as it was done legally.The religious asceticism also gave the businessmen industrious workers, and assured him that inequality was part of Gods design. Thus, one of the major elements of the spirit of modern capitalism, rational conduct based on the idea of a calling, was born from the spirit of Christian asceticism. The same values exist in both, with the spirit of capitalism simply lacking the religious basis. Weber observes, The Puritan wanted to work in a calling we are force to do so. Asceticism helped build the tremendous cosmos of the modern economic order. People born today have their lives determined by this mechanism.Their care for outside( a) goods has become an iron cage. Material goods have gained an unparalleled control over the individual. The spirit of religious asceticism has escaped from the cage, but capitalism no longer needs its support. The idea of duty in ones calling prowls about in our lives like the ghost of dead religious beliefs. People even stop trying to justify it at all. In conclusion, Weber mentions some of the areas that a more complete study would have to explore. First, one would have to explore the impact of ascetic rationalism on other areas of life, and its historical development would have to be more rigorously traced.Furthermore, it would be necessary to investigate how Protestant asceticism was itself influenced by social conditions, including economic conditions. He says, it is, of course, not my aim to substitute for a one-sided materialistic an equally one- sided spiritualistic causal interpretation of culture and of history. The work of Max Weber cant be understood properly withou t understanding the theories of Webers biggest ideological opponent Karl Heinrich Marx. Only through the analysis of their main differences in the two ideologies can a stronger and broader understanding of capitalism be reached.Although the father of Marx was actually Lutheran this did not give him a view of life as the one preached by Weber. Marx strongly believed in what he called historical materialism for him everything is material and that the only way for changes in friendship to take place is through the struggle between carve upes. The general concept is that every economic order grows to a state where it has reached maximum efficiency, while at the same time collapsing on itself due to developing internal contradictions or flaws and weaknesses which result in decay.He believed that men are creators of their own history and they transform their natural habitat in order to fit their changing needs and desires Men begin to distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence. . . In producing their means of subsistence men indirectly produce their actually material life. Throughout history men transform nature so that it better serves their own purposes. According to Marx, all societies go through five stages of history and capitalism is simply a necessary stage between feudalism and the final step of communism.The way in which men create their social organization is based on modes of production. Changes within these societies occur because as the mode of production changes, it no longer fits the present social organization. Therefore, a new class and hence a new form of society emerges. Webers perspective was quite different. In fact The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism was written as a response to Marx in order to dispute the ideas which he puts forward. Weber has a different perspective on why and how capitalism came about.Rather than just focusing on how capitalism came about, he focuses on finding an answer to the question of why capitalism happened where and when it did. When he looked for differences in the capitalist cultures and non-capitalist cultures at the time he found that capitalism occurred at the same time as the Protestant reformation. The obvious following(a) question for Weber was why it was the Protestant culture that led to capitalism. He found the stratum of labor that came naturally through capitalism to be a good thing. It did not lead to the separating of society into two very different and conflicting classes.Instead, it formed a number of different classes that were related to each mans life style and calling. Each mans God given calling was different from that of his fellow man because God intended it to be so. The division of labor led to the specialization of occupations and increased development of skills, which in turn caused an improvement in production. The division of labor therefore serves the common good. Marx had a completely opposi te opinion of the division of labor. In his eyes, the division of labor is what leads to the formation of hostile and conflicting classes.These classes are distinguished by their access, or lack thereof, to the means of production and consequently, their level of power. However, similar to Webers view that your position within these classes is determined by an outside source, in Webers case God, Marx believed that you were born into your social class and that you could not change your position. According to Marx though, this division of labor is what leads to the vicious cycle of capitalism. The division of labor allows for work to become very machine like. Which, in turn, alienates the worker from his work and product.This alienation leads as well, to the estrangement of man from himself and from his fellow man because mans identity becomes his work. The division of labor and mechanization of labor also standardizes jobs as well as the workforce. Thus making workers easily replacea ble like parts of a machine. This is not a problem when profits are high and the economy is growing. During times of good economic conditions wages will increase as well. In turn, the profit margin on labor will decrease leading to layoffs and increased unemployment. This will cause small businesses to collapse and wages to once again decrease.However, at this point, consumption will have fallen because there is less disposable income. Companies will again hire more of these standardized workers who will work for lower wages because they are unemployed. This will again increase the capitalist profit and the cycle begins again. This alienation of the working class is not at all natural and therefore causes great problems. As said by Marx, men are naturally productive creatures. The fundamental nature of man is his consciousness and his ability to control that which surrounds him.During the process of standardizing labor workers themselves become part of the end product and thus, Labo r produces not only commodities it produces itself and the worker as a commodity The working class becomes increasingly disgruntled which leads to a struggle between the lower and upper classes which, because history is dialectical and not static, will lead to a revolution that will cause capitalism to fall. These specific conditions of capitalism are what caused the alienation and exploitation, and thus, they are the specific conditions which must be changed.Accordingly, the working class will take over the means of production and bring into being the final stage of society, that being communism. Within communism false consciousness and alienation do not exist. one time the people recognize that we all depend on each other people will work more freely and voluntarily. It is Ironic that maybe the reasons behind which communism was not able to thrive in Marxs homeland of Germany could be revealed if we use the thesis of Weber In a country which has been a strict follower to protest ant ethics and thus transformed its peoples there is no way for an idea such as communism to thrive.It is distant to idle and is not so directly related with direct participation in the continuation of the world in a way which Protestantism would favor. A society in which all people are equal goes against everything which is considered principle in Protestantism How can people distinguish themselves from other if they are all equal? Thus, even though the strength of the religion had long faded its ethics were strong enough to determine the outcome. It is important to note that neither of the leaders of the Spartacist uprising of 1919 (Rosa capital of Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht) were Protestants.As I once red in Paul Johnsons Modern Times the world can be changed by a scientific research. not just the field in which it is specialized but also in society a whole and thus the entire world. Max Weber can be put among those people who have not just written endless and worthless pa pers (like this one) he is among the people who have had an important and significant impact on life with their contributions. His ideas have been used in politics, media, and economics having an impact on the world as a whole. There will ever so be critics who stay pessimistic about the views expressed by Weber.Some say that geographical location was the main reason for the success of the Protestant countries and some even object that countries which prosper such as China and Japan are not even Christian, but it is not the role of the work to deduct that Protestantism was the way to success but only to sudgest that it had a guiding role. To use the fact that the Eastern Countries are not Christian as an argument, when they show so many of the qualities which for Weber were key for the success of the Protestants such as willingness to work and social unity is just absurd.Max Weber was tying to understand why the capitalistic system was successful in some parts of the world and why it did not in others. His work is not perfect it is far from it. But Weber was one of the first people to suggest that economic processes and problems can have their roots in other fields of human knowledge. To view economics as an end in itself is a mistake which must be avoided and yet it is still the case in different areas around the world including Bulgaria.Maybe Marx was right that capitalism was a machine complex and yet not perfect because humans are not perfect it is a complicated process in which the smallest factor can produce worldwide effects. Weber attempts to give a rational explanation for why it was developed where history determined for it to do so. The master-economist must possess a rare combination of gifts. He must reach a high standard in several different directions and must combine talents not lots found together. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman, philosopherin some degree.He must understand symbols and speak in words. He must contemplate the particular in terms of the general, and touch abstract and concrete in the same flight of thought. He must study the present in the light of the past for the purposes of the future. No part of mans nature or his institutions must lie entirely outside his regard. He must be purposeful and disinterested in a coinciding mood as aloof and incorruptible as an artist, yet sometimes as near the earth as a politician. John Maynard Keynes

Economic Growth in South Africa Essay

1. St swangic precedency 1 Economic Growth and Job Creation.2. Strategic precedency 2 great programme to build economic and favorable infrastructure.3. Strategic Priority 3 Rural Development4. Strategic Priority 4 Education5. Strategic Priority 5 HealthQuestion Number 2* Priority 1- Factors beyond the control of policy-makers and stakeholders in South Africa have a big impact on the environment for growth and job creation, and it is difficult to measure achievements by outcomes only. Vulnerability to a weak and volatile global economy remains a probative challenge to job creation, although the recent depreciation of the rand may have helped to protect some jobs in export sectors.* Priority 2- Only 68% of money intend for large infrastructure projects had been spent in the last financial year. This amounts to R178-billion of the allocated R260-billion. Municipalities especially have battled to attract managers with the right skills as well as the requisite technological experts to run the projects.* Priority 3- The department has implemented the CRDP in 21 sites throughout South Africa and considers to roll this out to 160 sites by 2014. Lessons learnt from these CRDP sites indicate that the challenges in inelegant areas include * underutilisation and/or unsustainable use of natural resources * poor or deprivation of access to socio-economic and cultural infrastructure and services, public amenities and facilities and brass services * lack of access to clean water or lack of water resources for both household and agricultural schooling * low literacy, skills levels and migratory labour practices * decay of the social fabric* unexploited opportunities in agriculture, tourism, mining and manufacturing. * Priority 4- Nearly 70% of all South Africans are under the age of 35. Government, through the department of high Education and Training, create a strategy to increase the ratio of young people that are in education, employment or training by 2014/15. The aim of this strategy is to strengthen the capacity of the education and training system to provide pivotal programmes to a growing number of young post-school learners as well as adults at turning points in their careers.* Priority 5- Several areas of progress have been identified, especially in terms of reducing the effect of childhood illnesses. Improving immunization coverage ranks high among renowned strategies for improving child health. Immunisation campaigns have been markedly successful in preventable diseases, including polio and measles. Carefully aforethought(ip) and general interventions, dwelling housed on the Negotiated Service De rattlingry Agreement objectives, have been adopted for child health.Question Number 3* Priority 1-The main objective is to respond appropriately, promptly and effectively so that growth in decent employment and remediatements in income security are reinforced, and investment sustained to build up interior(a) economic capability and improve industrial competitiveness.* Priority 2 Poor infrastructure and poor access to basic services are a issuance of weak and under-resourced arcadian local government, as well as a lack of coordination between all the departments involved in service de sojournry in rural areas. Essential services are also generally less available and of poorer fictional character in rural areas, rendering these places unattractive for people to live and work. As a result, manypeople in the economically active age group migrate, and the rural economy stagnates.* Priority 3-Between 10 and 15 million South Africans live in areas that are characterised by extreme poverty and underdevelopment. Recognising the diversity of our rural areas, the overall objective is to develop and implement a comprehensive strategy of rural development that will be aimed at improving the quality of flavor of rural households, enhancing the countrys food security through a broader base of agricultural production, an d exploiting the varied economic potential that each region of the country enjoys.* Priority 4-The objective is to centralise skills and education system towards the delivery of quality outcomes. The focus will be on, amongst others, learner outcomes, early childhood development (ECD), improving schools management and M&E systems and resisting and developing a high quality teaching profession* Priority 5- Governments priority is to improve the health status of the entire population and contribute to the vision of a wide and healthy life for all South Africans. To accomplish this vision, government has identified four strategic outputs which the health sector must achieve. These are * increasing life expectancy* decreasing maternal and child mortality * combating HIV and AIDS and decreasing the burden of tuberculosis (TB) * strengthening health-system effectiveness.Question Number 4* Priority 1- The government has pursued trade liberalization and privatization as part of its attem pts to overcome constraints on growth. In his budget speech for 201112, on February 23, 2011, the South African see of Finance Pravin Gordhan called the budget an attempt to generate growth and a high quality of life for all South Africans.* Priority 2- In the period ahead, government will continue with the investment programme aimed at expanding and improving social and economic infrastructure to increase access, quality and reliability of public services and to support economic activities while also considering environmental sustainability and pursuing maximum employment impact.* Priority 3- The aim is to ensure sustained investment growth over the medium-term so as to achieve the target of a fixed investment ratio above 25% of GDP by 2014. Such projects will be spatially-referenced, planned for and implemented in an integrated manner. In addition, we will continue with programmes to provide and maintain health, education, library, sporting, recreation and other social infrastruc ture.* Priority 4- Education has enjoyed the largest share of the theme budget throughout the past 15 years. This significant investment in building humankind capital and capabilities has gradually improved the countrys human resource and skills base. However, progress has not been optimal and the achievements have not taken place on the required scale.* Priority 5- Elements of our strategy include the phasing in of a National Health Insurance system over the next five years and increasing institutional capacities to deliver health-system functions and initiate major structural reforms to improve the management of health services at all levels of healthcare delivery, including particularly hospitals.Question Number 5* Priority 1- almost 60 000 jobs created by the Department of Trade and Industrys support and incentive programmes in 2010/11. Also a rural youth-employment programme, has created 7 500 jobs. * Priority 2- The number of creviceengers accommodated at subject field airp orts grew from 16,8 million in 2008/09 to 18,3 million in 2011/12, at an average annual rate of 3%, and is expected to grow to 23 million in 2014/15 at a rate of 7,7%. The number of aircraft landing at airports throughout South Africa increased from 279 515 in 2008/09 to 290 648 in 2011/12, at an average annual rate of 1% and is expected to increase to 340 285 in 2014/15, growing at an average annual rate of 5,7%.* Priority 3- The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP) has been developed as a multi sectoral response to the challenge of rural development, addressing basic human needs, as well as the provision of social and economic infrastructure and the development of small and medium enterprises, using an agri-village model. Under the agri-village model, housing, sanitation, health, education and other basic services are provided to an agricultural village. In addition, there should be sustainable agriculture-related income-generating activities in the village. A particip atory needs analysis is undertaken involving rural people and different sectors.The programme is being implemented as a pilot programme. By 2011 it had cover 80 of a 2012 target of 160 wards across the country. Furthermore, 1 300 household gardens and cooperatives have been established.* Priority 4- In 2011, the national Grade 12 pass rate was 70,2%, compared to 67,8% the previous year. The national Department of Basic Education set aside R8 billion over a period of three years to flip mud and inappropriate structures and 119 new schools were completed in 2010 as multi-year projects.In the 2011/12 financial year, over 3 322 students were supported with bursaries to study at higher(prenominal) Education and Further Education and Training (FET) institutions. Through the Human Resource Development Council initiatives, 90 FET college lecturers were trained at the universities of Fort Hare, Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela Metropolitan. * Priority 5- over 2 100 individual infrastructur e-related projects exist in health facilities in South Africa ranging from maintenance and minor repairs to renovation and major construction works. As a result, 138 clinics and 38 community health centres were constructed nationally (an increase of 4% in the total number of PHC facilities in South Africa)..

Goodner Brothers Case Study

Q1. Define SWOT analysis with appropriate examples using external resources (200 words) SWOT Analysis, technique credited to Albert Humphrey, is strategic planning method used to evaluate Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats involved in business ventures. 1 It involves 1) Specifying objective 2) Identifying internal and external factors favorable and unfavorable to achieve objective 1 example Healthcare Software Company selling high value products 2Strengths Internal Characterisitcs of Business that give it an advantage 1 Highly experienced team, hygienic established, reputable company High Percentage of Sales from Exports Knowledge of Advanced technology Very efficient Processes Top class service Weaknesses Internal Characteristics that indicate it at disadvantage 1 Customers slow to Upgrade Complicated Products need lots of Customisation Products innovative and market needs to be educated Technology furiousness within company rather than Marketing emph asis Opporutnities External chances to impove performance 1 New competitors entering markets Government spending cut backs Technology ever-changing fast Theats External elements that could cause trouble 1 Population ageing Environmental issues increasing profile Healthcare costs rises rapidly Increased safety and Risk awareness in healthcare Possible Strategy 2 Invest in marketing skills and knowledge to find new markets for specialist skillful knowledge Increase export market to give buffer to Local Government initiatives in healthcare Add more value to customers outbidding new competitors. wildness in sales materials to offset new competitors entering market. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/SWOT_analysis & http//www. managementstudyguide. com/swot-analysis. htm Copyright 2008 2012 managementstudyguide. com. All rights reserved. (1) http//www. rapid-business-intelligence-success. com/sample-swot- analysis. html Copyright Syd Stewart 2008 (2)

Greece Economics

Greece is fundamentally a Parliamentary state with President as the Head of state. The president is elected by the parliament for a period of 5 years. Powers of President mostly include ceremonious duties like declaration on war, signing peace treaties etc. The members of parliament are elected through general elections held every four years or ear consistr if the previous parliament is dissolved. Prime Minister (PM), head of government, is in the main the leader of party having majority of seats in Parliament. President appoints other Ministers of cabinet on the recommendations of the PM.PM and the cabinets are responsible for running the country (Central and South-Eastern atomic number 63 288). The Phenylalanine Socialist Movement (PASO), New Democracy (ND), Political Spring, Communist Party of Greece (EKE), and the Coalition of the Left (SYNOPSISS) are major political parties in Greece. Legislative powers lie with president and parliament and a law is passed if It is voted by 2/ 3 of the members of parliament. The Judicial system comprises of civic and administrative courts. Jurisdiction of Civil court includes civil and criminal cases whereas administrative courts settle the cases between citizens and the state.The politics of Greece is marked with overthrown leaders, military governance and dissolved or coalition government. In 1975, the country experienced approximately civil reforms and a new constitution In place. PASO has emerged as the dominant political party In Greece during last 3 decades. The party after Its reelection In 2000 Increased spending to recover economy and provide basic facilities of better health, education and better bob opportunities to Its citizen (Puddingstone, Plano, Number 288) ECONOMIC TRENDS For more than a decade, big borrowing and spending by the government has led the country Into public debt crisis.Tax evasion rampant In Greece that translated added to governments budget deficit. After Joining Euro Zone (EX.) In 2001 , enthronement capital and government loan Increased based on the strength of Euro. To retain Graces membership In EX., government paid International Investment Institutes In billions of dollar to hide Its actual debts levels and spending. In 2010, Global economic crawls revealed that since Its Joggling EX. Greece has never met the required stability criteria. The debt crisis was further worsened when the government Issued more bonds for bargain In March 2010 (the Rezone Debt Crawls 1).Later It was disclosed that foreign banks and Investors held 70% of Greek public bonds. As reported by B. B. C In Mid-2010, EX. and MIFF provided Greek with ?one hundred ten bailout endeavors came with conditions like austerity measures, prolongation of government assets and structural reforms. The country also fear an exit from the Euro Zone with It current debt at 180% of the GAP. The government In order to benefit from bailouts and keep Itself from defaulting has agreed to abide by the austerity me asures.

Groupe Ariel S.A. Essay

AbstractGroupe Ariel is a company that manufactures and sells printers, copiers and other document production equipment. The case focuses on an investment project in the companys Mexican subsidiary that would expand operations into a young market, something it been slow to do in the past. Groupe Ariel believes its products bemuse better durability for a lower after-sales service costs and markets it as a competitive advantage. The company is now considering replacing the manual equipment used for recycling in Mexico by bare-ass equipment that requires less material and labor costs.1. Compute the incremental peso cash flows for the life of the project.The incremental cash flows of the next 10 years should be calculated. The sign cash outflow is the cost of investment in the new equipment (3,500,000 Pesos). Also, selling the manual equipment for cash value of 175,000 Pesos is subtracted from the cost of the new equipment to arrive at the sign net cash outlay of 3,325,000 Pesos. Fo r the cash flows in the next 10 years, it is calculated by taking the difference of the cost of the manual method and the new automatic equipment. Next, to arrive at after-tax incremental cash flows we add back depreciation cost, which is non-cash expense (if total cost does include depreciation) and deduct tax. The new equipment would have a useful life of 10 years and would be depreciated under the straight-line method for both tax and financial reporting purposes. The corpo count tax rate is 35%.2. Compute the net present value of Ariel-Mexicos recycling equipment in pesos by discounting the incremental peso cash flows at a peso discount rate.The present value of whole these cash inflows and outflows can be calculated by discounting them at 8.5%, which was calculated by using real peso long-term borrowing rate of 2.2% and a real euro rate of 1.8%. The NPV can be calculated by taking the sum of present values of all the cash flows. This NPV comes out to be 3,754,474 Pesos.3. Comp ute the NPV in Euros by translating the projects future peso cash flows into Euros at the expected future deface rates.We translate the projects future peso cash flows into Euros using the expected future spot rates estimated by the international business exit in the articlerise to 20.00 by 2011 from current 15.99 exchange rate and upwards of 25.00 in 2013-2018. We then discount the cash flows in Euros at 8% (the discount rate for similar projects in France) and get the NPV in Euros as 118,903 Euros. 4. Translate the NPV in pesos calculated in 2. To Euros and compare to the answer in 3. explanation on your findings.We translate the NPV in pesos calculated in 2 to Euros using the spot exchange rate on June 23 at MXN15.99/EUR. It gives an NPV of 234,801 in Euros, which is untold higher(prenominal) than our number in question 3 as 118,903 Euros. The difference is driven by prediction of Pesos against Euros, and a slight different discount rate. From our analysis, we collect that e xpectation of steep depreciation in pesos and a slightly higher discount rate in Mexico result in a much higher NPV value if we translate the pesos into Euros now.

Local and National Provision for Hockey Essay

Sports a big part of like a shots society, with hockey featuring highly. This is mainly due to the popularity of the manoeuvre within secondary drills and the national curriculum.With about 1150 hockey clubs in England, a National Governing personate (NGB) essenti every(prenominal)y organises the countrys hockey. England hockey replaced the England Hockey Association (2002). It coordinates involvement and development with nationally run competitions and leagues. Much works also pump into developing the foundations for future hockey the young players of today. With high profile names involved in local schemes much(prenominal) as Slazenger Stick Skills, youngsters ar advance to participate with rewards e.g. badges and certificates.The National Lottery helps develop all levels of hockey with funding via Sport England. Its also in conjunction with the Youth Sports Trust and the interchange Council for Physical Recreation. Through funding, Regional schemes such as Active Sports Talent Camps exist to develop the regions county and talented players. Lucazade often get involved with these local to territorial reserve stepping stones. Locally, clubs such as Bradford and Halifax Hockey Club also exist and have junior squads to involve younger, future players. Local area teams like Calderdale compete against others, such as Wakefield, in developmental tournaments such as the Millennium Youth Games. This type of basic introductory competition promotes basic principals of hockey fun whilst gaining arrive and skill.Clubs receive private sponsors to fund kit, but main funding comes from the players i.e. hiring the pitch is paid for by subs. Some clubs may organise fund raising events such as bag-packs at supermarkets. Sponsorship at national level is more serious with England Hockey leading the way in developing its image with investors such as Harrods and high placement associations such as Great Britain Olympic Hockey and World Class Hockey.Hockeys usually intr oduced at secondary school as part of the National PE Curriculum, but younger players may be introduced to junior sections of clubs through siblings etc. As a traditional sport thats stereotyped for feminines (especially school level) private schools emphasise its importance by being in conjunction with local clubs to provide pathways for progression e.g. Bradford Girls Grammar School and Bradford Hockey Club.By regular club training and competition, a player may develop and be entered for local schemes/trials e.g. representing Kirklees in the West Yorkshire Youth Games. This can lead to scout for county trials. Through higher standards of training and competition, development may continue and progression to a territorial level e.g. North England. Opportunities through trials and training weekends are provided and thus, next the pattern, international trials and competition. As seen by the diagram the different stages become more demanding with less players meeting the higher sta ndards and progressing upwards.Theres ranging competition at all levels e.g. school- u12, to u18 and clubs varying from u11 up to numerous open age teams. Currently in England hockey is not a professional and therefore technically paid sport as it is in various other countries such as Holland. There is no provision for this level but with an increase of water based pitches and the senior(a) mens and womens English hockey Leagues continuously improving standards of competition, the international scene is well established and provided for. By playing in the higher-ranking National League a player has reached the top level of competition before international level, and thus it often leads to opportunities to trials for these highly developed players. There are however both male and female international competitions via club tournaments, and representative events for the England teams such as the Olympics, World and European Championships.Aside from the other agencies mentioned in jo ining with England Hockey the school link programme PESSCL partner the NGB to re-enforce participation in the education zone. They work together to implement it within secondary schools, but as to date there is no such scheme for primary schools such as High 5 Netball.This information is generally based on female participants but many clubs have male teams that are involved in national, regional and sub divisions. E.g. Sheffield has long standing, devoted mens teams. par exists with popular, yet more social as most players are initially committed to gender specific teams. However colleges such as Greenhead provide for mixed team players and participate in regular competition. Although more profiled as a female sport the National Mens league has a higher status through more media and sponsorship coverage than the womens league with early sponsors like Stretcher and much more consistent media coverage from Sky Sports.Although sparse, Zone Hockey is a full flowing scheme that provid es access to hockey for the disabled. It can be played on an equal level with able bodied players and is exclusively and adapted version of the original. It was developed between Nottingham Trent University, the Youth Sport Trust and England Hockey. Its widely supported by associations such as the British Wheelchair Sports Foundation. A 5-a-side game that is fully adaptable to different playing surfaces and wheelchairs, that provides all boys and girls with a high scoring, fast moving, fun game. However there is no involvement at an elite level such as at the Paralympics due to its sparse global popularity and no record of an international English representative sideEvaluating the detail of Hockey within England, its fair to say theres a solid structure that can still be built on. Equality exists within the sport to the extent of mixed teams, of which most major sports in England do not provide for at senior level e.g. soccer. Also disabled access exists and is strong in many par ts of the country but not to the extent of international competition. However, without professionalism, Hockey lacks funding that marketing, TV coverage rights, tag end sales etc. could provide. Fantastic facilities become ever more prominent (e.g. water based pitches), there is surely a gap waiting to be filled that would provide more access and opportunity locally and nationally including disabled athletes. This is certainly an aspect to consider for improvement and standard of the sport for all.

Comparison of Freud’s and Plato’s Aspects of Human Character Essay

Aspects of gentlemans gentleman character have been discussed in a number of fields inputs from the philosophical and political perspectives goat be identified by how man character is in place with respect to the edict whereas concepts from the psychological field can be notice to focus more on the private and its relationship with his environment. Such is demonstrated by Plato in his The state which can be seen to potentially contrast with Sigmund Freud in his discourse in Civilization and its Discontents. Plato had apparently came up with literature describing a executeal society according to certain controls needed in order to set up a civilization according to certain ideologies such as justice, authority, and the ideal state, among others. Freud, on one hand, tackled a world that is already in existence and presented an analysis on life and reality.From this, when it comes to their respective discussions on the human character, Platos The Republic presented how human ch aracter should be while Freud discussed what human character is through consciousnessual drives. Platos prescription for the Guardians, the social class tasked to incur the society, mentioned that their education should emphasize their love for sapience and high liquor. This characterization can be therefore compared with Freuds discussion on eros and remainder the simile can thereby give way in identifying whether their references for the jibe aspects of human character were the same or not.Platos Love of Wisdom and High SpiritsPlato proposed the formation of a social class called the Guardians who would rule the society. Given the great responsibility that is going to be vested in them, these Guardians are proposed to learn certain aspects that would progress to them an effective ruler and manager of the state. In this case, it was brought up in the discussion in The Republic that its our job, as it seems, to choose, if were able, which are the natures, and what kind they are, fit for guarding the metropolis (Book II, 374e). Hence, the discussion exited to a description of the Guardians, as follows (Book II, 376c)Then the man whos going to be a fine and good guardian of the city for us will in his nature be philosophic, spirited, swift, and strong.The context in which they discussed the trait of love of scholarship (Book II, 376b) apparently referred to the philosophical leanings of the Guardian. In admittance, possessing the love of wisdom is overly associated with having the love of learning (Book 2, 376b). It can be gathered that love in this context is based on having the nature to pursuit a ambiguous interest for knowledge thereby demonstrating how an individual can have the characteristic of an ideal ruler.In addition to the discussion on love of wisdom, possessing a high spirit or spirited is also seen as a significant characterization of a Guardian. The characters initially discussed this aspect in the context of citing carnal behavior , hence, demonstrating that the high hard liquor may initially come from the individuals courageous nature. What makes the human classifiable from the animals, as seen in the discussion, is how this ideal someone also injects a sense of gentleness in this rude(a) characteristic (Book II, 375c)Yet, they must be gentle to their own and cruel to enemies. If not, theyll not wait for others to destroy them, solely theyll do it themselves beforehand.In this case, what they are looking for in a Guardian is someone who is gentle and great-spirited (Book II, 375c) the challenge, however, as noted in the dialogues, is how these two traits oppose each other.The concept of love of wisdom and high spirits in Platos work, in the context of Guardians characters, clearly show that they are discussing human characteristics that are admirable. The twin aspects of human character, in this case, show how these two characteristics complement each other in which case, the ideal person for the function is some who is spirit and by nature, philosophical.Freuds concupiscence and DeathThe context in which Freud discussed Eros and Death in Civilization and its Discontents is how these two consciousnessive forces, albeit opposing, work together in life. As Freud discussed (66)That is to say, as well as Eros there was an instinct of death. The phenomena of life could be explained from the concurrent or reciprocally opposing action of these two instincts A more fruitful idea was that a portion of the instinct is diverted towards the external world and comes to light as an instinct of aggressiveness and destructiveness. In this way the instinct itself could be pressed into the service of Eros, in that the organism was destroying some other thing, whether animate or inanimate, sort of of destroying its own self. Conversely, any restriction of this aggressiveness directed outwards would be bound to increase the self-destruction, which is in any case proceeding.Although Freud noted that Death, which is also associated with destruction, and even Evil, may name his adversary not what is hallowed and good, but Natures power to create, to multiply lifethat is, Eros (68), he noted that Eros and Death can be alloyed with each other, thereby resulting to an integration which hides either purpose. An example Freud cited is how this is apparent in sadism in which destruction can also bring satisfaction, the very idea in itself brings a certain degree of enjoyment.Conclusion ComparisonBased on the above discussions, the contexts in which Plato and Freud discussed love for wisdom and high spirits, and Eros and Death can be regarded to be total opposites. For Plato, how these human aspects function is for the purpose of greater good the ideal nature of the individual in the form of the Guardians is meant to benefit the society which the Guardians are tasked to serve. In this case, the intent to define these traits, which is the union of philosophy and vivification, is mean t to put together an exceptional leader. In Freuds discussion, on one hand, presented a justification as to how two opposing ideas, Eros and Death, really work, and how these are in fact a reality of human nature.Plato and Freud discussed human nature in contrasting contexts for Plato, the opposing twin aspects of human nature (love of wisdom and high spirits) can be reconciled and further enhanced through education, thereby resulting to an ideal functional leader for the ideal city. Freud, on one hand, discussed how the opposing Eros and Death do exist in human nature and how this is exemplified by the presence of satisfaction in destruction the integration of Eros and Death may not result to an ideal person, but this demonstrates the humanness of the individual.Apparently, the similarity ends there the similarity can be seen in the beginning of the argument which is how opposing ideas do work together as a part of human nature. two demonstrated how internal contradictions furt her contribute to human characteristics that lead to how people eventually function. In this case, the stick in of their discussion is the same yet the intent of the discussion is different. For Plato, the marriage of love of wisdom and high spiritedness gives way to an ideal class in an ideal society whereas Freuds alloyed Eros and Death benefits the destruction more because it is in the face of Eros that Death can hide.Upon a close reading of the texts, there is also a similarity of the premise in terms of these two works Platos The Republic contains a series of discussions leading to the definition of an ideal state whereas Freuds Civilization and Its Discontents showed how the individual can be in conflict with the society. In addition, both agreed how the implementation of laws can create control in a society basically manned by individuals with baser instincts however, Plato pointed out how education can manage these instincts and how people can be formed into functional ci tizens while Freud mostly highlighted how individuals will be always governed by the pleasure principle.

Child Development Essay

The difference Between the Sequence and Rate of Development Childrens inventment gener all(prenominal)y follows a predict qualified age of stages kn proclaim as milestones. However, occasionally a nestling whitethorn skip a stage or go through a stage very quickly e. g. a churl whitethorn miss pop out crawling and move straight from sitting to walking. An moral of a sequence is the visible tuition of a baby where movement begins with their head and then downwards and from the centre of their personate outwards.The time of a minors organic evolution milestone isnt as consistent as the sequence beca drop sisterrens stages of growth happen over different rates rather than particular ages. An illustration of this is that small fryren dont begin walking all at the resembling time. Some electric razorren atomic number 18 study to walk before their first birthdays whereas others whitethorn charter to walk round(prenominal) months later. However, it is authoritative to understand that although a kidskin whitethorn be come up slower in certain aspects of organic evolution, they maybe excelling in others and that all sisterren argon habitually following the same sequence. 2. 1 Personal Factors Affecting Childrens Developmentformer(a) childhood study trick be affected by a number of factors. A childs health plays a crucial theatrical role in their sustainment and move be set by factors including the genetics they inherit from their families, malnutrition from a poor diet and poor conditions in their surround. Unhealthy children may find they be less equipped to tackle bothers in comparison to healthy children. They may excessively be restricted in participating in activities which ass require a detrimental onus on building relationships with others, access to creating an understanding of their environment and their progression in motor raisement.Dis world power send packing have a profound effect on a childs dumbfoundment. The three incumbrance atomic number 18as of dis talent are physical disability, learning disability and sensory impairment. Normal development involves children to be able to interact with their environment, and to understand their findings. Children with physical disabilities exit very much be restricted in their ability to in effect interact with their environment which can then have a detrimental effect on their ability to develop cognitively and emotionally. The limitation of exploring their environment can similarly impact on their motor skills callable(p) to escape of mobility.Furthermore, children who spend time away in hospital may have limited opportunities to develop age appropriate societal skills, style skills and terminology. Learning disabilities can affect childrens ability to grasp, mathematical operation and analyse information. Disabled children very much show an queer pattern of development e. g. verbiage development and physical development which can have slightly effect on their ability to interact with others. Inadequate fundamental interaction with others may have a disallow beau monde on a childs own(prenominal) skills, their egotism esteem and oft causes a reluctance to face problems.Children with sensory problems such as visual or hearing impairments may experience difficulties including mobility, language development and communication skills. Visually impaired children often suffer with mobility issues hindering their physical development which reduces their ability to explore their surroundings. It also interferes with engaging in grotesque play limiting the childs ability to develop imitative skills. Hearing impaired children commonly lack language and communication skills as they have a reduced opportunity to take avail of the critical early period of language development by hearing peoples voices.The lack of communication skills can impact on the childs ability to engage with other children. 2. 2 External Factors Affecting Childrens Development Poverty can create a lasting harm in childrens development. The areas of poverty to take into account are living accommodations, diet, education and leisure activities. Children who are unfortunate in these areas are more likely to face challenges with their fond and emotional development leading to deportmental problems. This can leave them at risk of developing negative relationships touching social skills, academic skills and self esteem.Poverty can also influence a childs health where poor hovictimization and diet and a lack of leisure opportunities often lead to obesity, malnutrition and a likelihood of becoming ill. This can affect a childs ability to join in activities with other children hindering m any areas of development. The family environment can have a profound effect on a childs development in both a decreed or negative nature. Children living in a imperative family environment often develop good social interaction with o thers as a firmness of purpose of positive relations with family peniss.Therefore this may impact on a childs development in learning areas such as personal, social and emotional skills and communication, language and literacy skills. Similarly to poverty factors, family factors can also influence a childs academic pathway. A child with underdeveloped social skills may express themselves with inappropriate demeanour, a lack of interest to learn and an unfitness to create positive relationships thus reducing the chance to progress and succeed in a predominantly social environment as is education.Personal choices are other major influence regarding normal development. As children grow, they develop a greater independence and are presented with more choices to which can impact on some(prenominal) areas of development. A bad area of development in which a childs personal choices impacts on is their relationship with viands and physical action mechanism. In recent times and partl y influenced by the media, childrens eating habits have fetch increasingly unhealthy and in addition, childrens physical action at law has declined. This has go forthed in many children becoming sonorous or obese and even diabetes.The backwashs of this is likely to impact on physical development as children who are suffering from the above are more likely to be restricted in participating in all areas of physical activity in demarcation to their peers who have a healthy lifestyle. The development of a child may also be impacted upon if they are in care of the local authority. An rickety living environment may affect children in many negative ways as often the child may move to various care settings on a regular rear end. With this in judgment, a child may develop issues with regards to their emotions.A lack of assurance and self-esteem may arise resulting in anti-social behaviour thus impacting on social skills. Academic ability may also be squandered through the inability to socialize effectively as well as many other areas of development in which social skills are essential. Education is an important area of a childs development as it determines childrens academic ability through their education pathway. In particular, this influential area impacts on a childs cognitive development in which they gain skills in reasoning, understanding and the ability to solve problems.Education is non only acquired through schooling, it is also gained in the family environment via social activity and family life in general. Educating through schooling can develop a childs confidence in their ability, encourages positive social behaviour and helps children to understand the norms and values which are appropriate in society. 2. 3 How Theories of Development and Frameworks to Support Development Influence Current Practice. There are many theories which were created in aim to understand childrens development. These theories are very important as they often have and i nfluence on current employment.Piagets psychological theory of development was of the role of maturation, that by growing older a child would have increased capacity to understand new and differing concepts. This though was non a restrained learning curve but one which was conversional. These stages occurred at specific age ranges 18 months, 7 eld and 11 or 12 geezerhood. This appears to have impacted the school curriculum as a basis of when children are capable of understanding new concepts and ideas. The way in which a child adapts to these new changes or differences to their perceptions of the world is through assimilation and accommodation which work in unison.Assimilation refers to the inclusion of new concepts into lively schemas whilst accommodation refers to the challenges to the existing schema and accommodating ones thought processes around the differences. Only at the specific stages of maturation will a child be able to assimilate and accommodate for these new co ncepts. This prelude can be perceived as rigid as although a child may not learn in a smooth learning curve, they may progress at different rates at a lesser staggered approach. Vygotskys theory of development differs to that of Piaget in that development was proximal.The Zone of proximal Development (ZPD) promotes the notion that children develop through their engagement with adults and activities onside their peers rather than through teaching or by driftning(a) through concepts and challenges alone. It was the development of language and articulation of ideas that would govern a childs development and may be seen as an enabling approach that will allow a child to solve challenges and develop in a way that they will as a final result be able to perform the task alone.This approach has proved to be influential with regards to early years education particularly in the frameworks of England and Scotland in that there is an emphasis placed on building positive relationships with a dults and other children in the setting. Furthermore, children are encouraged to work together during activities thus promoting teamwork in regularise to cudgel challenges and in addition play an active role in their learning. Skinner, who adopted a behaviourist approach to learning developed the theory of operant conditioning.This theory suggests that a childs behaves and learns via creating an understanding ground on consequences and reinforcements. These reinforcements are divided into three sub-groups described as positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers and punishers. Positive reinforcers are a form of reward in response to being presented with a desired outcome for example, if a child has created a nice piece of work they may be given praise or a sticker as a reward. This then reinforces an understanding that they have done something good to which they will aim to continually reproduce.Negative reinforcers also produce repetition in behaviour in that they are utilise to stop something from happening for example, a child may try to avoid one of their peers due to the fear of having their favourite toy being taken away from the understanding of previous experiences. In contrast to the above, punishers are believed to weaken the repetition of behaviour such as if a child hurts a member of their peers they may be put in a reflective corner to recognise their inappropriate behaviour and if this process is repeated, the child will understand and aim to avoid this consequence.This theory links in with practice today in that children are often rewarded with positive reinforcements when behaving appropriately for example overlap during activities, comforting a peer who is unhappy or following a task with good results. Furthermore, punishers are also use in todays practice when a child is behaving inappropriately in which tactics such as the reflective corner as well as a telling off are effective in breaking the repetition. 3. 1 How to Monitor Childrens D evelopment using distinct Methods.A childs development is manageed in a number of ways which includes observations, stir practitioner meetings and standard measurements. Observations can be carried out in a variety ways and provide valuable information in hurt of a childs development. Narrative observations involve watching a child or children during an activity and making notes to what has been seen including all areas of behaviour. In this form of observation it is important that the practitioner who is observing remains unremarked in wander to avoid a change in behaviour of the child or children. era sampling observations involve making a record at regular intervals of what a child is doing which directiones on a specific behaviour for that particular time. An example of this maybe during outdoor play time in which a childs social interaction could be observed. Event sampling observations involve counsel on particular events in order to build up a pattern of childrens beh aviour over a period of days or weeks. In this form of observation, the events leading to behaviour, during behaviour and afterwards behaviour are recorded in detail.Standard measurements may also be used to monitor a childs development. This method of discernment is employed by various professionals in order to valuate development in areas such auditory, health and education. Standard measurements in contrast to having an overall objective, focus on a childs development in relation to the overall population and furthermore, is used to determine whether a child has a particular deficiency in an area of development.This form of supervise children is of particular use when monitoring disability or suspected disability in a child as it places all emphasis on one child whilst using a range of discernment methods to determine any apparent problems. 3. 2 Reasons Why Childrens Development May Not quest for the Expected Pattern. There are a number of reasons in which a childs developm ent is not following the expected pattern. Disability may affect a childs development in a range of areas which include physical development, personal development and social development.In some cases disability can restrict a child from participating in normal physical activity, for example some settings may not be flap chair friend in areas such as outdoors. This in turn may prevent a child from being involved in the same activities as other children thus impacting on their physical development. With this in mind, outdoor play is important whilst developing effective social skills. Children often use a range of communication skills whilst exploring and discovering thus deprivation of social interaction may have a harmful impact on a childs personal and social development.Children with emotional problems are also at risk of not developing along the expected pattern. A child lacking in confidence and self-esteem can often set out reclusive and struggle with communication in partic ular during situations where it is loud and fast paced such as in a nursery environment. Children who tend to hide away from the action are inevitably missing out in areas of learning and development and is unfortunately often carried through to later life. Environmental factors are another(prenominal) area to consider in relation to an expected pattern of development.The home environment can have a profound affect in many areas. A negative home life may often determine a childs ability to socialise effectively thus affecting numerous other areas. Due to a lack of social skills, a negative impact may be made on a child in education and as a consequence their academic achievement may be at risk. In addition, cultural difference may also play a part as there are a variety of ways in which different cultures nurture their children. Some cultures, for example in western society encourage freedom and independence.This in turn gives children the opportunity to discover new things and deve lop and understanding of the world. Children with learning difficulties often follow an uneven pattern of development. Tasks and activities are often more of a challenge for children with learning difficulties in which failure is not uncommon in academic situations and as a result can lead to frustration and issues regarding self-esteem. In some cases with these personal issues, a breakdown of communication can emerge resulting in a negative impact on areas of learning and development which rely on effective communication skills.How Disability may Affect Development. Disability can have a substantial influence on a childs development. Disability covers three areas in which normal development is more of a challenge in contrast to children who are not alter. These areas include physical disability, learning disability and sensory impairment, all of which may hinder development. Due to the interdependence of learning areas in order to maintain normal development, change children as a consequence are more unlikely to develop at the same rate as other children.For example, a child with a physical disability such as being wheel chair bound may find it a challenge whilst exploring the environment. This could have a knock on effect in learning areas such as social interaction, communication and knowledge and understanding. This then in turn may be detrimental in terms of developing positive relationships with their peers which can often lead to social rejection or bullying. As a consequence of this, a child may develop personal and emotional issues manifesting itself in reduced self-esteem and confidence resulting in reclusion.How Different Interventions can heighten Positive Outcomes for Children where Development is not Following the Expected Pattern. If a child has been recognised as not following the expected pattern of development, interventions are made in order to establish where the problem lies and the crush way to tackle it. External practitioners known as agencies may then become involved and assess the child whilst providing contribute and expert advice to the family and the nursery or educational setting.These agencies may include paediatricians who are answerable for monitoring progress and rent referrals to additive healthcare, health visitors who offer advice and place upright to families and physiotherapists who are responsible for on the job(p) with the physical problems of disabled children and young people and suggest exercises. Speech and language therapists provide support to disabled children who have problems with their speech and language. They also offer advice on communication to the parents whether it is verbal or non-verbal for example using sign language.Other areas of intervention include the role of the Educational Psychologist who assesses the way in which a child learns and identifies issues with a childs learning. They can then identify how to benefit a childs learning by creating Individual Education Plans (IEPs) and are responsible for managing the childs statutory assessment and the issue of a statement of demand if required. In nursery and school settings special educational needs coordinators (SENCO) can become involved in the coordination of activities and the provision of support to meet the specialised needs of disabled children.In many cases multi agency and partnership working is adopted as it provides integrated support for children who are not following the expected pattern and their families. Supporting children with additional needs and their families with a range of agencies working collectively provides more effective care for the child due to the sharing of information and agreement as to how to implement plans. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) supports this practice as a way of contribute to a childs development as this information shared may aid any further assessments.The Importance of Early Identification of Speech, Language and intercourse Delays and Disorders and the Potential Risks of Late Recognition. It is extremely important to identify delays in speech, language and communication as soon as possible. Early identification of speech and language delay is critical to a childs development as it is interconnected and is a key area with regards to many other areas of learning and development and furthermore, it is essential whilst developing the ability to communicate.With the inability to use effective language, a childs cognitive ability may become wasted as both these areas are strongly linked to each other. Language delay can influence a childs ability to understand concepts and develop intelligence amongst other areas of cognitive development. Communication and speech delays are also important to identify as they determine a childs ability whilst interacting with others. In addition they can affect a childs emotions, in some cases resulting in anti-social behaviour, thus impacting on areas such as education.However, thr ough early identification and intervention, the impact of speech, language and communication delays may be significantly reduced thus creating a more positive forthcoming for children. 4. 2 How Multi-Agency Teams Work Together to Support Speech, Language and Communication. Multi-agency and partnership working plays a key role with regards to a childs speech, language and communication development. When it has been recognised either by a parent/carer or whilst in the nursery setting that a child is showing signs of difficulty in these areas, the child would then need to be assessed by either a health visitor or general practitioner.This would then enable a greater understanding of where the problem may lie and furthermore uprise a number of other possibilities. Once a diagnosis has been found, the child may then been referred to a variety of agencies in order for further assessment and to create a plan to tackle the problem areas. These agencies may include speech and language ther apists, educational psychologists and specialist teachers who provide support for children who have sensory impairments, learning difficulties or communication difficulties.These agencies will often work together in collaboration discussing and sharing information which in turn enables the child to make maximum progress. Furthermore, the agencies will work together to develop strategies, provide knowledge and in some cases provide resources to parents/carers and the nursery setting. 4. 3 How Play and Activities are utilize to Support the Development of Speech, Language and Communication. Effective play and activities are beneficial in order to support a childs speech, language and communication development.The nature of play and participating in activities in the main involve a great deal of social interaction with others. Therefore by providing play situations and activities that support these learning areas, childrens development will be heightend. Toy animals are an effective play resource. They engage children into the natural world and encourage them to imitate movements and sounds which in turn get up a childs speech development. Nursery rhymes and singing encourage the development of language. Children who are exposed to these activities have a greater ability to listen and understand intelligence services and actions.Nursery rhymes also enhance a childs ability in reading as a result of the development of language. Reading books with children can enhance their communication skills. Stories can generate interest where children become inquisitive. Children often ask questions and discuss ideas which can enhance their ability to communicate with each other. In addition to the above, a childs speech and language may be developed by role modelling in which they will learn to use new sounds and words by listening and engaging in general conversation.With this in mind and from own practice I feel it is important to provide appropriate speech for a child to be exposed to, using clear and slow language whilst altering vocal pitch in order to convey grammatical information. Furthermore, I feel if a child has attempted to say a word with ineffective results, it is important to praise the child for their effort in order for them to continue trying. 5. 1 How Different Types of Transitions can Affect Childrens Development. Transitions are a significant stage in a childs life and can affect them in a range of ways and in a number of areas of development.They are an nevitable part of growing up, however it is important to recognise and understand the signs and the impact of transitions on childrens development. A change in the family structure of a child in terms of an additional sibling may have an impact. The child may feel their relationship with their parents is threatened by the reaching of a new baby and they may feel they are getting unequal amounts of attention. The childs personal and social development may be harmed during this t ransition. With this in mind the child may develop issues with self-esteem as a result of receiving less attention than previously.The child may also develop anger issues from seeing the frequent attention and care being provided to the new baby which could then in turn manifest itself in sibling rivalry. The position of low nursery or school is another major transition for a child which may impact on their development. A new and unacquainted(predicate) environment may be a daunting experience for many children. Children who are less extrovert in comparison to their peers may try to avoid interacting with others and avoid social activities.This could then result in the child becoming a recluse resulting in missed opportunities to play, learn and develop. A childs admission into an institution such as hospital due to ill health is also a significant transition which could impact on their development. Social interaction may be diminished in particular of children who stay for long periods in hospital. Through this lack of socialising, children may become underdeveloped in others areas including their knowledge and understanding through missed opportunities to explore the environment with their peers developing new ideas and perspectives.Moving to a new house or location is another transition which can impact on childrens development. This can be a traumatic time and in particular of a child unveiling the care of the local authority. Often in this situation a child has moved around a number of locations thus creating a sense of instability resulting in personal issues. These issues are often uttered in the form of anger, isolation and anxiety which in turn can hinder normal development. Furthermore, many children in this situation come from broken families which in some cases involved abuse and neglect.With this in mind when involved in a situation of this type, it is important to build trust whilst working with the child in order to prevent a further negativ e impact on their development. 5. 2 The Effect on Children of Having Positive Relationships During Periods of Transition. Transitions are a significant and potentially harmful experience in childrens lives, therefore it is important to provide a positive and supportive network around children in order to make transitions an easier and more comfortable process.A child who is undergoing a process of transition whilst receiving positive support and encouragement is more likely to accept changes in their lives and develop a greater confidence in the transition process. A strong relationship with someone such as a key person in an educational setting can benefit a childs transition. A child beginning nursery will be presented with an unfamiliar environment in which a key role players job is to develop a close relationship with the child and provide support allowing the transition to run more smoothly.In some cases a key worker may change settings or may be away for a long period of tim e such as maternity leave. In these situations a child may react negatively to the loss of familiarity which subsequently may impact on their development. Therefore it is important to provide additional support to the child via attention reassurance and encouragement in order to alleviate further negative affects whilst a close relationship with a new key worker is being formed. Children encounter transitions with an array of experiences in which some may be positive and some negative. Children more often than not will always be worried.Confronted with unexpected transitions, like divorce or death, a child may feel excluded or to blame or angry. An understanding of their experience and the possibilities of what is going through their heads and giving a thoughtful and sympathetic response will often help bring them through the transition and in turn lead to a more confident and rounded child.