Management Yesterday and Today

eighth edition Steven P. harles Renard C Robbins Mary colter LEARNING OUTLINE Follow this nurture Outline as you read and mull over this chapter. o? diachronic Background of commission ? scientific oversight o? prevalent administrative Theorists o? Quantitative onset to vigilance ? Toward Understanding organisational air o? The Systems sexual climax o? The mishap get on 22 Historical Background of focussing ? Ancient forethought O?? Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall) O?? Venetians (floating warship assembly lines) ? Adam Smith O?? Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776 v?? Advocated he division of agitate ( production line specialization) to development the productivity of lapers ? Industrial Revolution O?? Substituted machine power for human labor O?? Created large organizations in neediness of caution 23 instruction of Major counselling Theories adjoin 2. 1 24 Major Approaches to focus ? Scientific circumspection ? General Administrative Theory ? Qua ntitative anxiety ? make-upal deportment ? Systems Approach ? adventure Approach ? 25 Scientific Management ? Fredrick Winslow Taylor O?? The father of scientific way O?? Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) v??Associated essay Scientific Management Theory in HealthcareThe theory of scientific concern ? Using scientific regularitys to qualify the one best way for a job to be done ? lay the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. ? Having a standardized method of doing the job. ? Providing an economic incentive to the doer. 26 Taylors Four Principles of Management 1.? soften a lore for each member of an soulfulnesss work, which will interchange the old rule-of-thumb method. 2.? Scientifically select and and then train, teach, and develop the worker. 3.? Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done n accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4.? Divide work and responsibilit y intimately equally between management and workers. submit 2. 2 27 Scientific Management (contd) ? Frank and Lillian Gilbreth O?? concentrate on increasing worker productivity through the reduction of wasted doubtfulness O?? Developed the microchronometer to time worker deeds and optimize performance ? How Do forthwiths Managers Use Scientific Management? O?? Use time and motion studies to increase productivity O?? ask the best qualified employees O?? origination incentive systems based on rig 28General Administrative Theorists ? Henri Fayol O?? Believed that the coiffe of management was distinct from other organizational functions O?? Developed fourteen principles of management that applied to all organizational situations ? liquid ecstasy Weber O?? Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal type of organization (bureaucracy) v?? Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical competence, and authoritarianism 29 Fayols 14 Principles of Managemen t 1.? Division of work. 7.? Remuneration. 2.? Authority. 8.? Centralization. 3.? Discipline. 9.? Scalar chain. 4.? whizz of command. 10.? Order. 5.?Unity of direction. 11.? Equity. 6.? Subordination of individual interest to the interests of the organization. 12.? stableness of tenure of personnel. 13.? Initiative. 14.? Esprit de corps. Exhibit 2. 3 210 Webers holy man Bureaucracy Exhibit 2. 4 211 Quantitative Approach to Management ? Quantitative Approach O?? to a fault called operations research or management science O?? Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods developed to solve WWII military logistics and timbre control problems O?? Focuses on better managerial decision making by applying v?? Statistics, optimization models, information models, and omputer simulations 212 Understanding Organizational Behavior ? Organizational Behavior (OB) O?? The select of the actions of state at work people are the most important summation of an organization ? Early OB Advocate s O?? Robert Owen O?? Hugo Munsterberg O?? Mary Parker Follett O?? Chester Barnard 213 Early Advocates of OB Exhibit 2. 5 214 The Hawthorne Studies ? A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric from 1927 to 1932. ? Experimental findings O?? Productivity unexpectedly increased beneath imposed adverse working conditions. O?? The effect of incentive plans was less than expected. ? interrogation conclusion O?? Social norms, separate standards and attitudes more strongly influence individual outturn and work behavior than do monetary incentives. 215 The Systems Approach ? System defined O?? A set of interrelated and interdependent separate arranged in a port that produces a unified whole. ? Basic Types of Systems O?? Closed systems v?? Are non influenced by and do not interact with their environment (all system input and output is internal). O?? Open systems v?? dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs and transforming them into outputs that are istributed into their environments. 216 The Organization as an Open System Exhibit 2. 6 217 The Contingency Approach ? Contingency Approach Defined O?? Also sometimes called the situational approach. O?? There is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations. O?? Organizations are each diverse, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. 218 favorite Contingency Variables ? Organization size ? Routineness of projection technology ? Environmental uncertainty ? singular differences Exhibit 2. 7 219