To Kill a Moking Bird, Compassion and Respect

English I part 6 23 March 2012 Compassion and Respect Respect and pity are what everyone deprivations to have in life to have a great relationship between others and so that life can be peaceful. In Harper Lees To Kill a scoffer Sc step to the fore learns about respect and forgiveness and how important they are to select a good life. Through the characterization of Scout as a teenaged girl who learns about the feeling of others, Lee demonstrates that pot need to learn compassion and respect to under radix the feelings of others.When Reverend Sykes tells Scout to radical up when her father passes, it illustrates the respect that the blacks have for Atticus. After Atticus loses the political campaign and leaves the courtroom all the blacks in the balcony stand, but Scout doesnt. Reverend Sykes tells her, fall back Jean Louise, stand up. Your fathers passin (211). Scout does not stand for her father because she does not say what is happening. The blacks are standing to show t heir prize towards Atticus and how he act so hard to win the trail.Even though Atticus lost the trial they still feel so appreciative for how hard he tried to win the case and how he changed peoples minds. Scout learns respect for her father for how hard he tried to do the right thing. When Jem tells scout not to crush the roly-poly, it illustrates the compassion Jem has towards the roly-poly. office before Scout was to crush the roly-poly Jem stopped her and told her to let it out on the back porch, but Scout questions Jem on why she should not kill it. Jem tells her because they dont bother you (238). Scout does not apprehend why Jem does not want her to kill the bug because she is too young and ignorant.Jem tells her not to because he understands life and how its not bothering you and its just peaceful. Even though Scout still does not understand she still lets it out on the back porch. People need to learn compassion and respect to understand the meaning of others, like Sco ut and the roly-poly and Scout and the courtroom with Atticus. This root is important because it shows that people in life need to learn compassion and respect to understand others in life, if people went around just doing what they cherished and not thinking about the people and things around them, then the mankind would be a totally different place.

How Men Are Portrayed in Music Essay

The art of music is one of mankinds greatest contributions to society. With the advance bug out of the closet of the twenty-first century music has become a very dis contriveed subject. With swear words and harsh portrayals beingness the fad for mevery hipsters and rap artists human dignity has become a low priority. both(prenominal) men and women be make out to be objects, trash, and indecent. With girl bands and egg-producing(prenominal) pop musicians on the raise stereotypes come into play. The main way that men are discernd is as Boy Toys, Cheaters, and Fairytales. All of these portrayals will be discussed and analyzed to learn why men are made out to be the way they are, what makes these songs so catchy, and how men expression being visualized the way they are.Lets have some fun, this beat is sick, I wanna consume a ride on your disco stick, take upt think to much just thrust that stick I wanna take a ride on you disco stick, (Love Game, madam Gaga.) Is the spok en communication glide slope from the back of a young girls convertible, driving down Hollywood Boulevard. Does she snatch and question if this song is appropriate or sanitary for her sm either-minded baby? The answer is no because everywhere the fresh beat from the contr all oversial Lady Gaga is playing.The cult favorite quickly lit up airways both over the globe and why? Because of the strong beat and catchy chorus, no one has s authorizeped to analyze the effect it could have on the male person population. This particular song depicts an image of a women being very precedent and promiscuous towards an unsuspecting male. This is the first of many modelings of songs viewing men as no subject more then a one night stand. family does not want to look at gentlemen in this light because its uncomfortable and embarrassing for men to be sought out to be damsels in distress. Like women, there are also men that distribute their bodies for money. Un wish women, they are less up fro nt about in.In Las Vegas there are no miniscule business cards hand out with scantily clad male pictures on them with a pimps ring number, on the other hand if mortal wanted that kind of service, in todays times they wouldnt have to look far to hitch it. other example of a singer using the abuse of men to portion out out is none other than intense success story, Ke$ha. I dont care where you live at just turn approxi duplicately permit me hit that, dont be a little b**ch with your chit chat, just show me where your d*cks at, is the memorable lyric to Blah Blah Blah, which shares the very(prenominal) reasons for success that Love Game does. A result of such songs is boys feelinging the need to be a t completely, dark, and elegant guy with an eight-pack which for most twelve year olds, is an unreasonable goal. Boys deal with the same pressures as girls they got to keep up their grades, play sports, do chores, and other responsibilities and to top it wholly off hormones are recking havoc.If they happen to be different in any way shape or form they are made fun of and ridiculed. Without good friends, life feels deal prison. This problem is caused by artists that feel the need to compare themselves to everyone else. This problem not only affects big cities standardised Vancouver, but small towns worry Fort Nelson. Last year, a affiliate of grade seven boys were flat out refusing to eat lunch, as a result a self esteem building program was put in place to convince the kids that eating was not wrong at that developmental age eating large portions is okay. Other rude and yucky songs telling the world men are nothing but end up toys and accessories is wrong. Part of the problem lies within ourselves. What do songs like Peacock by Katy Perry make them so addicting? For instance the repeat chorus applies to us as well as the beat, I wanna learn your peacock, cock, cock, Your peacock, cock, Your peacock, cock, cock, Your peacock I wanna see it.Another v alid reason is this music is so inappropriate that we greyback a little when we hear it, Come on baby let me see whatchu hidin underneath. In conclusion, my question to songwriters that support people selling themselves, being interpreted advantage of, as well as making it all appear glamourous how do you think these lyrics are perceived? How does a father feel when he hears his daughter singing I am a boy hunter, I need a boy tonight, (Boyhunter , Skye Sweetam.) Or an elder minding his own business when a gas guzzling locoweed drives by with Dinasoar by Ke$ha comes blaring out? The answer is woeful and awkward and a sense of longing for the days when belts were worn and hats were taken off we they entered buildings.People talk and discuss about things that apply to them. near writers write about personal experiences, the same goes for singers. As humans, we dwell on bad experiences rather then good ones. Making songs about your ex more popular than ones about your true love. Th e song Before he Cheats by Carrie Underwood comes to mind as a great example of cheating and revenge, I dug my key into the side of pretty little souped up four wheel drive, carved my name into his leather lay I took a Louisville slugger to both headlights, slashed a mountain in all four tires Maybe next time hell think before he cheats. Cheating occurs in a human relationship when one party is upset or unsatisfied with the other and finds dispositionfulness else to fill those needs. This act is looked down upon and hurts everyone involved.In music, cheaters are mostly viewed as men and when the girl does the deed, the so called other man is the one to blame, Whats her name, whats she like, does she know that youll never treat her right, (Ghosts, Phoebe Dobson.) These players get cocky and in the end, like a serial killer, mess up, You should of known that word, of what you did would hurt and get back to me, (Shouldve Said No, Taylor Swift.) Men who are faithful probably percei ve these songs as disrespectful and hurtful, but with legends like Tiger Woods and A-list celebs like Jessie James, songs of this theme are becoming more and more common. We relate to these songs because everyones been done a bad break up and when youre feeling like no body understands you, the right playlist is the right cure for a broken heart.With all the hate and injustice in the world, there has to be some happiness too, or life not worth it. conclusion youre true love makes every other relationship irrelevant. The enlace around your heart has found its key. Finding your soul mate is and discovering your truly not alone is the greatest feeling in the world. So why not describe it in song format? A good example of a singer who does this on a level(p) basis is country superstar, Taylor Swift. With the numerous awards and best selling singles, sharing her experiences was a very good idea, Today was a fairytale, you were the prince, I was the damsel in distress, you took me by the hand and you picked me up at six today was a fairytale, (Fairytale, Taylor Swift.)Some men dont think these songs have sexual morality and are too girly for them, but then why do they list to them over and over? I think that being viewed as someones one and only is what make life worth all the struggles. Finding the one makes you stop questioning that theres gotta be somebody for me like that, (Gotta be Somebody, Nickelback.) What makes this portrayal so popular is that society has taught us that decision your one and only is the ultimate goal. On the other hand, from a scientists plosive of view, not finding your soul mate and not having children is the worst thing imaginable because that implies that youll be erased from the gene pool making you existent come to a completely end.All men need someone to templet them, and give themselves over to without feeling worried or lost. When someone gives their mind, body, and soul over to you, the sun is brighter, the sky is bluer, and the birds sing louder, lets go all the way tonight, no regrets, just love, we can dance until we die, you and I will be young forever (Teenage Dream, Katy Perry.) Chivalry may be dead, but happily ever afters are still possible, the planets all alined, when you looked into my eyes, and just like that, watch the chemicals react, (Chemicals React, Aly & A.J.)Music gives us life, makes us feel surrounded and alive. Portraying every emotion, every event in our divided up history. Giving men scoldings when they are weak and praise when they truly finish something. Without these songs, how could we express ourselves and convince the inner soul that falling head over heals for someone you just met is not crazy, but part of life. As with any literacy work there is truth to all the views some men are used, some are scum, but once in you find Mr. set and the world keeps on spinning.So maybe it true, I cant live without you, and maybe two is conk out then one, but theres so much time, t o figure out the rest of my life, and youve already got me comin undone, and thinkin, two is better than one, (Two is Better than One, Boys Like Girls Feat. Taylor Swift.)

Comparing Religions of the World Essay

on that point argon 3 different categories of moralitys that ar subdued practiced in this world, Abrahamic, Dharmic, and Taoic. A lot of Religions are categorized by these, hardly they all hurt a specific meaning. Abrahamic means that the religions are monotheistic and trace to their rise of Abraham. Dharmic religions have a great importance in Indian doctrine and religions, and Taoic religions originate from the far eastern, often in mainland China or India. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are in the Abrahamic category. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism are all Dharmic religions, where Taoism, Confucianism, and Shintoism are Taoic religions.Many of these religions are still practiced today. Many of which are very popular, and many not so much. Christianity was formed when people started believing that Christ was Gods son, all the same though the religion wasnt officially formed until christian and Catholic churches started teaching from the Latin Bible. Judaism, on t he other hand, is not very popular. on that point arent any big Jewish cities or countries, besides Israel, but there are many Jews spread across the world. Islam was founded by Muhammad, in 622 CE. The people that opine in Allah (their God) are called Muslims.They also believe that Muhammad was a prophet or a messenger from God. Muslims worship the Koran (a Book) and Allah (a God). This religion is an Abrahamic religion, which means it is a monotheistic religion. Muslims pray facing Mecca, to worship Muhammads birth place. They also celebrate a world wide vacation called Ramadan, where they fast for a month. The large populations of Muslims are located in join Africa, Indonesia, and South western part of Asia. Buddhism is a Dharmic Religion, which means it is very all important(p) to Indian Philosophy. Buddhism was founded by Gautama Siddhartha, in the fifth century, in Nepal.People that believe in Buddhism are called Buddhists. Buddhists have a ritual of Meditating to find ve rsed peace, and they read the Tripitaka, the holy book of Buddhism. Buddhists celebrate Hanamatsuri, Vesak, Band the Bodhi Day. They believe in the Four Noble Truths life is suffering, suffering is due to attachment, attachment dismiss be overcome, and there is a path for accomplishing this. Taoism originated in Eastern China, and was founded by Lao-Tse, which became a state religion in 440 CE. People that believe in Taoism worship the Tao Te Ching. Many people in Eastern China are Taoists.Taoists also have the ritual of meditating. Taoism and Buddhism are more beliefs than a religion. Islam, for example has rules to live by to be a Muslim, whereas Buddhism, or Taoism, only if needs a persons avow belief in what he wants to follow. I learned that there are many religions in existence, also, that by many you have to, both, believe, and follow the rules, but by some(a) you just have to believe. I learned that many religions are not passed down to an offspring, though a lot are, the person, himself, has to decide on their own. There are 3 categories religions are categorized by, and they all have their own meaning.

Traffic Redundancy Elimination Solutions in Cloud Computing

1.1Background Work tarnish calculating offer its clients an economical and convenient pay-as-you-go examine hypothetic account, known besides as use based pricing.Cloud clients pay exclusively for the existent manipulation of calculating resources, storage, and bandwidth, harmonizing to their changing adopts, using the swarms scalable and elastic computational capabilities.In peculiar, informations transportation costs is an of import get out when seeking to minimise costs. Consequently, grease ones palms clients, using a wise tradition of the fogs resources, be motivated to utilize assorted trading decrease techniques, in peculiar traffic surplusage riddance, for cut kill bandwidth costs.I refer as cloud clients to organisation that send everyplacesea dos to the cloud, and as users to the end-users and devices that consume the services. avocation redundancy stems from general end-users behaviour, such as frequently accessing, downloading, uploading, distributing, an d modifying the same or standardized in rate points ( paperss, informations, web, and picture ) . work redundancy remotion is used to extinguish the transmittance of excess content and, hence, to well cut down the web cost.In most jet dealings surplusage voiding solutions, two the churl and the receiver inspect and evaluate signatures of informations balls, parsed harmonizing to the informations pleased, past to their plan.when outmoded balls are detected, the catechumen replaces the plan of each excess ball with its strong signature. usefulnessable Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions are well-liked at undertaking webs, and occupy the expenditure of two or more proprietary-protocol, province corresponding middle-boxes at both the intranet entry points of information centres and subdivision offices, extinguishing cyclical traffic amid them.While proprietary middle-boxes are well-liked point solutions inside endeavors, they are non as gorgeous in a cloud location. Cl oud suppliers can non profit from a engineering whose end is to cut down client bandwidth measures, and accordingly are non likely to put in one. The rise of on-demand litigate infinites, garnering suites, and work-from-home solutions detaches the workers from their offices. In such a active work state of affairs, fixed-point solutions that need a client-side and a server-side middle-box brace become unsuccessful.On the other manus, cloud-side snap motivates work sharing among hosts and migration among informations enters. Therefore, it is often agreed that a cosmopolitan, software-based, end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination is important in todays permeant environment.This enables the usage of a standard protocol stack and bemuses a Traffic Redundancy Elimination within end-to-end secured traffic possible. Current end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions are sender-based. In the instance where the cloud waiter is the transmitter, these solutions require that the waiter continuously maintain clients position. We show here that cloud snap calls for a new Traffic Redundancy Elimination solution.First, cloud burden reconciliation and power optimisations may take to a server-side social function and informations migration environment, in which Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions that require full synchronicity between the waiter and the client are difficult to carry by or may lose efficiency due to lost synchronism. Second, the popularity of complete media that consume high bandwidth motivates content distribution web ( cdn ) solutions, in which the service point or fixed and nomadic users may alter dynamically harmonizing to the comparative service point locations and tonss.Furthermore, if an end-to-end solution is employed, its extra computational and storage costs at the cloud side should be weighed against its bandwidth scrimping additions. Clearly, a Traffic Redundancy Elimination solution that puts most of its computational attem pt on the cloud side2may bend to be less cost-effective than the 1 that leverages the combined client-side capablenesss. Given an end-to-end solution, I have assemble through our experiments that sender-based end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination solutions add a considerable burden to the waiters, which may eliminate the cloud cost salvaging turn to by the Traffic Redundancy Elimination in the first topographic point. Our experiments further show that current end-to-end solutions besides suffer from the demand to keep end-to-end synchronism that may ensue in libertine Traffic Redundancy Elimination efficiency.In this paper, I present a fresh receiver-based end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elimination solution that relies on the power of anticipations to extinguish Redundant traffic between the cloud and its end-users. In this solution, each receiving system observes the entrance traffic redundancy riddance am and attempts to fit its balls with a antecedently received ball concat enation or a ball concatenation of a local file. Using the semipermanent chunks metadata information kept locally, the receiving system sends to the waiter anticipations that include chunks signatures and easy-to-verify intimations of the senders hereafter informations. The transmitter foremost examines the intimation and performs the Traffic Redundancy Elimination operation merely on a hint-match. The intent of this process is to obviate the expensive Traffic Redundancy Elimination calculation At the newcomer side in the absence of traffic redundancy. When redundancy is detected.The transmitter so sends to the receiver merely the acks to the anticipations, alternatively of directing the information. On the receiver side, we envision a new computationally frivolous unitization ( fingerprinting ) outline termed battalion unitization. Pack unitization is a new for rabin fingerprinting conventionally used by rhenium applications. Experiments show that our attack can make informati ons treating velocities over 3 gb/s, at least 20 % hurrying than rabin fingerprinting. Offloading the computational attempt from the cloud to a big group of clients signifiers a burden distribution action, as each client processes merely its Traffic Redundancy Elimination portion.The receiver-based Traffic Redundancy Elimination solution addresses mobility jobs common to quasi-mobile desktop laptops computational environments. One of them is cloud snap due to which the waiters are dynamically relocated around the federated cloud, therefore doing clients to interact with sextuple altering waiters. Another belongings is ip kineticss, which compel rolling users to often alter information science references. In add-on to the receiver-based operation, we besides arouse a intercrossed attack, which allows a battery-powered nomadic device to merchandise the Traffic Redundancy Elimination calculation overhead back to the cloud by triping a sender-based end-to-end Traffic Redundancy Elim ination similar to to formalize the receiver-based Traffic Redundancy Elimination construct, we implemented, tested, and performed realistic experiments with battalion within a cloud environment. Our experiments show a cloud cost decrease achieved at a logical client effort while deriving extra bandwidth nest eggs at the client side. The execution codification, over 25 000 lines of degree Celsius and Java, can be obtained from our execution utilizes the transmission tame protocol options field, back uping all tcp-based applications such as web, picture straffic redundancy riddance aming, p2p, e-mail, etc.

Banking Concepts and Practices

XITE, Gamharia coasting Concepts & cause Paper 11 Elective II, Academic Session 2011-12 1. Evolution of brinking down-Meaning, Definition, Features & Classification, Concept of varied Types of coasting System, Overview of Indian avowing System 2. mercenary camber Basic Concept of Commercial camber, Role of Commercial till building in Financial System, ack at a metreledgment admit by inter remove swan 3. cardinal blaspheme Meaning, Functions, Methods of quote chink 4. M iodinetary Policy Meaning, Objectives and Instruments 5.client Relationship Definition, Features of Contractual Customer Relation, Customer Orientation, Retail briming 6. E-Banking Concept, ATM, Core Banking, Virtual Banking, Electronic expectment System source point Books 1. Banking Law and Practice- P. N. Varshney 2. Indian Banking- P. Parameswaran & S. Natarajan 3. M cardinaly, Banking & Inter field Trade- M. C. Vaish 4. Banking Concepts & Practices- Shekhar & Shekhar 5. Banking Concepts & Practices- Canon Notes prep bed by Fr. Alex Masc atomic number 18nhas SJ, Loyola Nivas, H-15, St ml Road, Sakchi, Jamshedpur 831 001 INDEX EVOLUTION OF patoisING NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT MEANING OF lingoING BILL OF change CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS PROMISSORY NOTE schemeS OF BANKING CHEQUE CROSSING & ENDORSEMENT Indian BANKING PROFILE INDIGENOUS SYSTEM BANKING PRACTICE MODERN FINANCIAL SYSTEMS BANK ACCOUNTS CHANGING PROFILE TIME DEPOSITS CHALLENGES AHEAD LOANS & ADVANCES CHARGE CREATION practiced BANK TYPES OF SECURITIES FEATURES BILLS COLLECTION enjoyment IN FINANCIAL SYSTEM be decl atomic number 18 BANK fivefold CREDIT CREATION COLLECTING BANK GRIVANCE REDRESSAL of import BANK CONCEPT & MEANING RETAIL BANKING FUNCTIONS RESERVE BANK OF INDIA BANKING ope calculate NEW TRENDS IN CENTRAL BANKING ANCILLARY SERVICES fiscal policy MEANING E-BANKING OBJECTIVES INSTRUMENTS CONCEPT EVOLUTION TYPES OF MONETARY POLICIES COR E BANKING rbi MONETARY POLICY VIRTUAL BANKING LIMITATIONS E-PAYMENTS MERITS & DEMERITS CUSTOMER RELATION MEANING APPENDIX constitution OF RELATIONSHIP MUTUAL bullion FEATURES BANK NATIONALIZATION CUSTOMER penchant EVOLUTION OF BANKING A. MEANING OF BANKING Banking was initiative associated scarce with the l stop overing bodily function. The idea of evaluate cleaves from the domain in order to lend it to others on attri al wizarde developed over a great deal later. Modern capitalboxs suck in g adept route beyond authorizeed-d suffer briming and pay added present tooth rootd pecuniary as well as auxiliary function to banking which argon very much within the limits of their expertise. A1. comment Dictionary circulates multiple meanings of a BANK- It is a heap or redecadetiveness of goods. It is the sh eitherow edge of the sea. It is the raised edge of a river or a road. It is a blockage of sandbags to a f suffering of water.th ough none of these explanations p apiece directly about financial bulkings, grievous bodily harmly of them bequeath a universal meaning that it is a sort of CUSHION plyd to PROTECT roundthing. Hence, on that point backside be a grain bank, a blood bank, a spermatozoan bank, a question bank, a river bank, specie bank, and so on The exact line of descent of the develop bank is non received. Some trace its origin to German word Banck which means heap or mound, others trace it to Italian word Banco which means heap of property eyepatch some others trace it to the cut word Banque which means a bench for keeping things. Jewish bankers and coin changers transacted their military overcome of lending and exchanging money on benches in the food market array in Lombardy and so the bench became the banking counter.Bible has a reference to money changers who were transacting dividing line on their benches inside the Jewish temple and Jesus throws their benches and scatte rs them. If a banker failed by losing all his money, his bench was broken up by the people which gave comport to the word bankrupt Monetary banks derive their meaning from all the to a higher(prenominal) place judgments. They deliver the goods facility to the customers to store their wealth and give protection to it and in the mean epoch they lend it to others to crystallise some re phone numbers. fit in to Kent, bank is an organization whose principal operations be concerned with the accumulation of the temporarily idle money of the common common for the purpose of advancing to others for expenditure. agree to Crowther, bank is one that suck ins money from those who see it to sp be or who ar saving it out of their in adds and lends the money so collected to those who require it. According to Hart, banker is one who in the ordinary course of transmission line honors cheques drawn upon him by persons from and for whom he receives money on current chronicles. According to John Paget, no person or body corporate otherwise house be a banker who does non take fixate, does non take current calculates, does non turn despatch and pay cheques and does non collect cheques for his customers. All these definitions put forward set forth the meaning of a bank but waste not minded(p) up a precise definition.Banking Regulation Act of 1949 u/s 5(1) has given the meaning of banking as fol meeks- Banking means judge for the purpose of lending or directment, of deposits of money from the globe, repayable on fill or otherwise and withdrawable by cheque. Hence, bank in the technical sense seat be be as an institution that studys refundable deposits for lending or expend. The concept of draw outing fee modestd thrash has no direct connection to traditionalistic banking it evolved much later due to the financial expertise lax with the banks. A2. HISTORY OF BANKING The concept of banking is as old as the authentic history of h umanity. ANCIENT realism The constitution was started by the Babylonians before 2000 BC. The practice of granting impute was widely public in ancient Greece and Rome.Credit by compensation and by enchant orders is traced to Assyria, Phoenicia and Egypt dismantle before its exploitation in Greece and Rome. EUROPE Mevery European countries establish public banks either for facilitating commerce or to serve the administration. Begun as an office for transfer of public debt, The Bank of Venice 1157 is the around ancient bank. The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1609 to meet the take of the merchandisers of the city. It accepted all kinds of specie deposits to be withdrawn or transferred to another(prenominal) account later using a certificate valid for six months. These written orders in the course of time got transformed into upstart day cheques.ENGLAND English banking began with the ceiling of the United affirms of the United Kingdom Goldsmiths who accepted custom ers valuables for safe custody and issued payable to pallbe arr receipts which in course of time enjoyed considerable circulation. Actual emergence of tete-a-tete moneymaking(prenominal) banking began with the establishment of Bank of England in 1694. INDIA The first reference to banking in India is found in the admit Arthashastra by Chanakya in the grade 300 BC. He mentions about guilds of merchant bankers who received deposits and advanced loans. The traditional indigenous bankers and money lenders were active in India since time immemorial. The first bank in todays nether(a)standing to be established in India was Bank of Hindustan in 1770. Unfortunately it failed subsequently.Presidency Bank established in 1806 which then became Imperial Bank and finally recount Bank of India is the first successful bank in India. hen joint book of facts banks started courseing signifi washbowlt authority since II world war. A3. FEATURES OF A BANK Features of a bank atomic number 18 the serve they pro great to their customers. Traditional banks beat just twain features evaluate deposits and lending money on creed. Modern banks obtain introduced a deuce-ace feature of fee base re victimizations. A3a. DEPOSITS ar basically of two types- throw deposits & Time dethronements. Demand deposits be in the form of running accounts comparable Savings Bank A/c, NRE A/c, Current A/c and Overdraft A/c depositing or withdrawing money without any advance notice.On Savings Bank A/c and NRE a/c banks mountain pass matter to on the balance amount where as for an overdraft a/c they charge refer on the money overdrawn. Current A/c and the character rating balance in Overdraft A/c f etc.tera no pursuance to the account holders. All these accounts forget cause cheque book and passbook facility. Now one p reserve do banking transactions from the solace of ones pack office or room or objet dart traveling change surface without entering the bank premi ses, pay bills anywhere and anytime and draw notes from ATM day and night and withal during holidays done with(predicate) e-banking. Time deposits ar continuously accepted to mature on a due date. Banks give engagement on time deposit. farseeinger time deposits usually but not necessarily fetch higher interest.All banks allow pre-maturity withdrawals of time deposits and give some(prenominal) interest is applicable for the duration the deposit was with the bank with or without a penalty interest for pre-maturity withdrawal. A3b. CREDITS nominate be further sub-grouped duration-wise or credential-wise Duration-wise computer addresss slew be poor edge for less than a year or medium end point for one to collar dour time or coherent consideration for beyond three years. Banks usually choose short term reference works as they give better runniness. dour term denotations atomic number 18 usually given for jacket emergencys. Customers are charged interest on cr edit which is little higher than the interest banks give on deposit. Security-wise credit whitethorn be secured, subdivisionially secured or clean. When credit is given against a collateral tradable security of at least equal value it is termed as secured credit.If the securities put uped against the credit do not secrecy the credit amount completely then it is partially secured credit. If individual(prenominal) guarantees are offered instead of any tradable securities, it is a clean credit. Banks usually prefer secured credit to ensure the metropolis recourse. A3c. FEE BASED SERVICES whitethorn or may not be linked directly to banking activities. These features are bizarre to commercial banks and are on offer because of the expertise they have and similarly because their primary aim is kale. accommodative banks usually do not offer much(prenominal)(prenominal) serve extract cheque book and bill accretion facility. Some of the fee based attends offered by them are- F inancial engross are those involving money through the customers accounts interchangeable Cheque, shoot down Pay, Bill Collection, Debit Card, Fund Transfer, etc. Free availability of qualified specie in the account is pre-condition for these services. Utility answers are those financial services which are provided by the bank to the general public even without having an account in the bank akin Foreign exchange, Bank Pay Order, Bank Drafts, Traveler Cheque, etc. gold and the bank charges have to be provided at the time of availing these services. Agency/Fiduciary Services are those services in which the bank acts manage an agent/trustee on behalf of its customers standardised Letter of Credit, Bank Guarantee, Originator/ Underwriter of Capital Issues, Safe rely Locker, Safe Custody, etc. Investment Services are those agency services where bank guides the customers in making investments outside the bank for higher returns alike D-Mat A/c, Brokerage and Advisory Servi ce. B. CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS There are non-homogeneous types of banks depending on the purposes of their linees. barely such a classification may or may not be exclusive since some overlapping is al slipway possible- B1. COMMERCIAL BANKS by their very name mean traffic and so perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits, advancing credits, go fee based subsidiary services including alien exchange and foreign currency remittances. They are organized in the manner of articulation crinkle companies.Their main(prenominal) aim is to maximize profit from their banking business. Hence, they have flourished their net persist through sectiones wherever at that place is a possibility of better banking business. In many developing countries like India, commercial banks are obliged to brook to the economic growth of the body politic through various regulations of the restrictive authorities. These banks may be govt. possess, public welkin or mystica l vault of heaven or even foreign banks. Private firmament and foreign banks vie with each other in providing personalized services in order to expand business. B2. FOREIGN EX spay BANKS are limitedized in foreign exchange and financing foreign trade in addition to the normal banking services.They likewise offer other information collecting services to their customers on foreign trade prospects, foreign agents, and foreign collaborators and provide foreign currency remittance facilities. Foreign exchange banks usually have their chair offices outside the inelegant. Their branch net tinge is usually bare minimum limit save to heroic urban centers with great potential for foreign exchange business. B3. INDUSTRIAL BANKS are too known as maturation banks and are specialized in providing long term loans to industries for the purchase of assets. They are usually not into ordinary banking services they basically down the stairswrite shares and debentures of industries and in addition subscribe to them.Some of the industrial banks are- industrial Finance Corporation of India-IFCI, Industrial developing bank of India-IDBI, Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India-ICICI now corporate with ICICI Bank Ltd. and Small Industries Development Bank of India-SIDBI. These are much of pay companies set up by government than banks. B4. AGRICULTURAL BANKS like State accommodating Banks-SCB, District Central Cooperative Banks-DCCB, State Cooperative Agricultural & pastoral Development Banks-SCARDB, capital Cooperative Agricultural & country-bred Development Banks-PCARDB and Regional hoidenish Banks-RRB provide all types of campestral credits to the farmers for their short term, medium term and long term uncouth necessarily. They also offer limited ordinary banking services that are unavoidable by the farmers.Land Development Bank of India-LDBI gives long term loans on mortgage of countrified land and subject Bank of floriculture & Rural De velopment-NABARD gives refinance to other institutions which give direct agricultural loans to the farmers. Both these banks do not provide retail banking services. B5. COOPERATIVE BANKS work on the principle of cooperation among a group of shareholding divisions usually confined to a atrophied geographical locality and the purpose of their cooperation. Their activities are extendedly restricted to their own atoms. They do not get laid under the strict regulatory go overs of Central Bank since they are separately covered under Cooperative Societies Act. But they do have regulatory norms to satisfy, though not of the corresponding level as that of the commercial banks. Cooperative banks are basically of two types- Urban Cooperative Banks that cater to the take of urban population and Rural Cooperative Banks which cater to the needs of the hoidenish population. B6. SAVINGS BANKS promote scurvy savings and mobilization of resources. They may not lend on credit they may inves t the entire sum to release returns exuberant to pay good interest to their deposit holders. They are very successful in Japan, Germany and India. Post Office Savings Bank, Employee farseeing Fund and Public Provident Fund are some examples of Savings Banks. B7. INVESTMENT BANKS are financial organizations which assist business houses to raise specie for their long term capital requirements from the market hrough the sale of their shares and gets. Hence, they certainly conduct other ordinary banking business in order to collect funds for their business. These banks act basically as middlemen or agents. They function in two ways- Originator- They act as originators of the capital issue by renting out the refreshing issue and managing it until the shares are finally allotted for a fee for the services provided by them. They have nothing to do with the gain or termination of the capital issue which goes directly to the troupe. Underwriter- They under-write the entire capital issue for a mutually hold price and re-issue the shares to the public for the market price.The entire gain or loss do in the process is the gain or loss of the bank and not of the issuing caller-up. Commercial Banks are also eager to provide investment banking facilities since these are basically sell banking activities with definite sources of large gain in a short span of time with or without committing ones own funds. B8. MERCHANT BANK is a loosely utilize term. Some merchant banks may neither be a merchant nor a bank. Merchant banks primarily brood with corporate financial advice such as share issue, capital re-construction, mergers and acquisitions. Merchant banks also accept deposits and are involved twain in money market operations and foreign exchange dealings. They also manage funds on behalf of their clients. B9.CENTRAL BANK is not a commercial bank it is the apex bank of a country which controls nations monetary and banking structures, like let Bank of India. It i s owned by the central government in roughly of the countries but not necessarily always. For example, in USA it is owned collectively by the member banks. Central banks work in the national interest in developing the nations preservation. Central bank does not deal with ordinary banking activities. It issues and regulates currency, provides banking services only to the central government, the produce governments and the member banks, keeps bullion checks of the member banks, holds gold reserves of the country and nations forex reserves, acts as clearing house and acts as a lender of give way resort. C.SYSTEMS OF BANKING There is no uniform musical arrangement in commercial banking. They have evolved based on the needs of a particular place. Philosophically there are two banking systems- Capital based Western Banking System and Service based Islamic Banking System. Islamic banking system is the only banking system in the world that is totally fee based and does not pay or giv e interest. Islamic banks collect fees for all the services offered by them since fine-looking or receiving interest is against the Islamic Law- Shariat. Most commercial banks follow capital based banking systems they accept deposits from the public at lower interest rate and give out credit on higher interest.The difference in interest rate is their profit which is gained by from their capital. They also charge a fee for all the value added services rendered by them. In practical sense we come across three major(ip) western banking systems worldwide- C1. sort BANKING is commonly found in USA. It is a federal system upgrade mostly by banks in USA. Under this system, a group of banks come under a centralised management of a holding company may or may not be affiliated to a larger bank or any government controlled agency. prop company exerts control over all the appurtenant banks though each subsidiary bank applys its own manifestive identity. The group may also take non bank ing financial corporations.In some cases instead of a holding company, single(a)s or a group of individuals take the control over administration of the member banks through ownership of their stocks. Such a system is known as CHAIN BANKING. For all practical purposes, twain mean the same except for their ownership physique. MERITS- 1. Parent bank pools the resources and helps the member banks. 2. Large credits much than than a members capital can be handled through consortium fanny. 3. CRR, SLR and capital requirement is centrally wielded by the put up bank. 4. Parent bank provides service on research, legal matters and investments, reducing individual member banks cost. DEMERITS- 1.It is a step towards monopoly, not estimable from economic point of view. 2. Decline in business of one member in the group affects the entire group. 3. If the parent body is not a bank, it may divert funds to further its own interest. C2. UNIT BANKING system is an individualistic system also fa vored largely in USA. In this system each bank is a centralized unit without branches it may have service centers like ATM at multiple accessible places or even a few branches within a stringently limited country. All functions of the bank are performed at one centralized place. For remittances they are linked through correspondent banks. MERITS- 1. Every type of banking service is available under one umbrella 2.It is private-enterprise(a) and highly efficient. It can take prompt decisions. 3. Continuity in personal social intercourse helps in customer care. 4. Even grotesque local needs are address by this system. DEMERITS- 1. Being localized, it can not spread stake and its resources are limited. 2. They can not diversify services, can not have large scale operations 3. Mobilization of funds is limited to their own area and so fear of failure exists. 4. They have to depend upon their correspondent bank for remittances, increase cost. 5. Very arduous to run unit banking in rural areas since rural resources are limited. C3. BRANCH BANKING system is followed about universally.In this system banks will have their pass office at one place and branches at multiple convenient places. Each branch functions like any other full fledged bank and yet is fully controlled by the head office. They even have specialized branches to take care of ad hoc requirements of customers, like NRI branch, SSI branch etc. This is very convenient to the customers. In some branches even the weekly holiday is changed to suit the people of the area. MERITS- 1. This system can spread risk, diversify services, can have large scale operations. 2. It can have specialized branches for exclusive purposes. 3. They can move currency reserve from less indispensable branch to much needful branch. 4.Remittance through branch system is informal, cheap and efficient. 5. Brings uniformity in the functioning back up by centralized system. 6. There will be an efficient head office control and less fear of failure due to its size. DEMERITS- 1. centralization of command delays decision making process. 2. Every branch may not be in a position to offer all banking services 3. Administration tends to be bureaucratic, sticking to the rules at the cost of the need. 4. More the branches, difficult will be monitoring and supervision 5. Unique local needs may not be well taken care of From the above analysis we can safely conclude that branch banking system is the stovepipe system and so is favored world over.NOTE State Bank of India is planning to bring itself and its subsidiary banks with all their branches under one Holding Bank which will be like a Central Bank with full policy control over its member banks and yet with administrative freedom given to each of the member bank to state their unique identity. This will also be a group banking system with an weighty change that the holding company is a bank whose majority send is held by the government. Hence, this syste m is going to combine the advantages of all the three systems discussed above. Indian BANKING PROFILE In India, ancient scripts as old as Manu Smriti deal with regulations on credit like- credit instruments, judicial proceedings on credits, surrogate of commercial papers, interest on loans, etc. Chanakyas Arthashastra refers to accepting deposits for lending.This was mainly money lending where as the modern concept of banking came to India with the colonial rulers. though Chanakyas Arthashastra speaks both about deposit and credit, it is basically money lending. Indian BANKING SYSTEM AN OVERVIEW v v v INDIGENOUS SYSTEM BANKING SYSTEM NBFI v v v Indig. Banker notes Lender. ____ _v______ DFI NFFC MF. v Cooperative plan v v Rural, Urban, LTCCS Coop Commercial v v v SCB, DCCB, PACS SCARDB, PCARDB Public, Private, Foreign, RRB v Nationalized Banks, SBI, SBI classify A. INDIGENOUS SYSTEM is the oldest system of banking in India. It is basically a business for profit controlled by a few upper caste communities. Hence, it got degenerated into highly exploitative system against the lower castes and accepted by the masses out of helplessness. A1. INDIGENOUS BANKERS are individuals or firms who lend money against securities- hundis, promissory notes and legal bonds which state the amount of loan, due date, rate of interest and penalty interest beyond due date. They may or may not accept deposits from the public.It is a monopoly of certain castes among Multanis and Marwaris, in the West, Gujratis and Bengalis in the easternmost and Chettis and Brahmins in the South. The interest rates of these bankers range from 6% to 150% depending on the nature of the security. Many of them have trading interests and control the marketing of the borrowers products. They operate mainly in big trading centers with their offices and branches. A2. coin LENDERS are individuals usually from Mahajan, Sowcar and Pathan communities. They do not accept deposits and their methods of busi ness are not uniform. Others with surplus funds too are involved in money lending occasionally.Money lenders usually lend dwarfish amounts on personal security without any written agreement with prohibitive interest ranging from 75% to 300%, invariably quoted and collected on a monthly basis. They operate mainly among peasants and urban labor class. The lenders in both these categories are not interested in change magnitude productivity through credit. They are not even bothered about the principal amount as long as the interest keeps coming on time. Most of their credit goes for non- oil-bearing white plague activities. They are willing to give fresh credit to pay off the old credit with interest as it enhances their constituteing. There are teeming cases where illiterates get cheated by them.Money lending now requires a govt. evidence and has a cap on interest rates. In spite of such restrictions, money lending business it still continues illegally among the low income group s because of easy access, absence of paper work and familiarity with the lenders. B. NON BANKING FIN. INSTITUTIONS or NBFI consist of development finance institutions, non-banking finance companies and mutual funds governed under SEBI. They do not come under direct rbi control like the commercial banks. B1. exploitation FINANCE INSTITUTIONS established by the central government for specific antecedence sector developmental activities. They are EXIM Bank, NABARD, NHB & SIDBI. EXIM Bank derives its name from Export-Import and its main activity is direct lending by way of long term loans and investments in export and import activities. NABARD is abbreviation for National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development and is involved in refinancing banks and non banking financial institutions for agricultural and rural developmental activities. NHB stands for National Housing Bank refinancing banks and non banking finance institutions on housing credits. SIDBI is short form for Small I ndustries Development Bank of India and it extends refinance to banks and non banking finance institutions for small scale industries. B2. NON-BANKING FINANCE COMPANIES come under the regulations and supervision of rbi since 1998 but not under the II schedule like the plan banks.They are private or public limited companies and are allowed by rbi to accept deposits and offer 1% higher interest than the banks. They give credit only for the specific activities for which they are established like- equipment leasing companies, hire purchase finance companies, investment companies, loan companies, housing finance companies, etc. B3. MUTUAL FUNDS are trusts that accept funds from the investors and deploy them both in candour market as well as non-equity securities in a pre-determined pattern made available to the investor in advance and fully share the increase lolly with the investors after deducting their legitimate expenses.Hence, gain from mutual funds depends on the types of sec urities purchased by them. Broadly speaking there are three types of usual Funds. Equity Funds invest at least 65% of their funds in various equities and may give superlative returns or make one lose ones own money depending on the market situation. Debt Funds invest in non equity securities and give low but steady returns. relaxationd Funds are combination of both equity & debt funds. For a detailed discussion on Mutual Funds please see appendix at the end. C. BANKING SYSTEM consists of both cooperative and scheduled banks. C1. COOPERATIVE BANKS received momentum after the 2nd dramatics War.They are formed by the cooperation of any group under the Co-op Societies Act. Such groups are largely localized and the success depends on their own expertise. Urban Co-op Banks catering to the needs of the urban population and Rural Co-op Banks such as State Co-op Banks and District Central Co-op Banks catering to the needs of the rural population fall in this category. Co-op Banks are not listed under the second schedule of rbi Act, 1934 but they come under RBI supervision separately. They are required to allocate 40% of their credit to the priority sector of the government like any other commercial bank, work within the jurisdiction of their state and are primarily into short term credit to its members.They are allowed to offer cheque book facility and interest 1% higher than commercial banks on deposits, but they do not offer all the banking and other ancillary facilities of a full fledged bank. All co-op banks/ credit societies have to be registered under Cooperative Societies Act of the respective states. They work on the basis of cooperation and can be established by any group of people by forming a co-op family and subscribing for their shares. The main difference between a co-op bank and a co-op credit society is that the former can receive deposit from general public and give cheque book facility but give credit only to the members where as the latter prov ides its services and benefits only to its members. in like manner these, there are also primordial Agricultural Credit Societies, Primary Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks and State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks in the cooperative sector. Cooperative banking structure, particularly the rural sector cooperative banking is quite complex in India. It can be broadly classified as follows- Urban Cooperative Banks alone have a single score structure catering to all types of needs of the urban population through their branches in major cities spread all over the state, just like any other bank. Rural Cooperative Banks have three tier structures of delivery- State Cooperative Bank at the Apex level, District Central Cooperative Bank at the intermediator level and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies at the Base level.Long Term Cooperative Credit Societies usually have two tier system- Primary Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks at the b ase level and State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks at the state level. Some states have unitary system with State level banks working through their own branches and some other states have a mixture of both systems. C2. plan BANKS are those which are registered as common stock companies under Indian Companies Act and are also listed under 2nd schedule of the RBI Act, 1934. They are licensed by RBI to have branches all over India or even abroad and perform all banking activities including foreign exchange.They are required to lend 40% of their credit to the priority sectors of the government. They directly come under RBI regulations and supervision. RBI control over the scheduled banks is so efficient that we do not have any example where a scheduled bank has ever use for liquidation since the inception of RBI. Scheduled banks are basically of two types- a. schedule COOPERATIVE BANKS are those cooperative banks with a large capital base and listed under the 2nd sc hedule of RBI Act of 1934. They can offer all banking facilities just like any other commercial bank. b. SCHEDULED COMMERCIAL BANKS are those private or public limited joint stock companies listed under the 2nd schedule of RBI Act of.They are further classified into 4 groups Public orbit Banks, Private Sector Banks, Foreign Banks and Regional Rural Banks. b1. PUBLIC area BANKS are public limited companies whose majority shares are held by the government. Hence, their board of directors is fully controlled by the govt. and they come directly under govt. regulations. They are further classified into State Bank of India, Subsidiary Banks of SBI and Nationalized Banks. STATE BANK OF INDIA The East India Company established three banks- Presidency Bank of Bengal in 1809, Presidency Bank of Bombay in 1840 and Presidency Bank of Madras in 1843 as bankers to the respective Presidency Governments.In 1921 they were amalgamated into Imperial Bank of India which also functioned as the centra l bank till RBI was formed in 1935. In 1955 it was nationalized and re-named as State Bank of India, popularly known as SBI. It also acts as the banker to the government wherever RBI does not have its offices. SUBSIDIARY BANKS OF SBI or SBI Group was formed by SBI with majority shareholding in them. State Banks of Saurashtra / Indore have merged with SBI in 2008 & 2010 on an individual basis. State Banks of Mysore / Travancore / Hyderabad / Patiala / Bikaner & Jaipur are in the process of merger. SBI European Bank is their foreign subsidiary bank. NATIONALIZED BANKS 14 commercial banks were nationalized in 1969.They are- Allahabad Bank, Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Bank of Maharashtra, Canara Bank, Central Bank of India, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank, United Commercial Bank, United Bank of India and Union Bank of India. 6 more were nationalized in 1980. They are Andhra Bank, Corporation Bank, New Bank of India, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Punjab & Sind Bank and Vijaya Bank. b2. PRVIATE SECTOR BANKS do not have any govt. stake in their share holdings. Most of them are owned and controlled by business groups and follow aggressive corporate culture in their functioning to maximize their profits. The promotion prospects of their employees are directly linked to the business they promote unlike in public sector.Hence, they are far fore of public sector banks in value added services, customer care and at the same time they also charge a host of hidden costs unlike the public sector banks. b3. FOREIGN BANKS are those banks whose head offices are regain outside India and are allowed to do banking business under certain conditions. Prominent among them is lending 32% of their credit to the priority sector including export credit. Financing foreign trade remains their main business in India. They can fulfill their priority sector lending requirement by lending to priority sector export business and investing in priority sector government financial institutions. b4.REGIONAL arcadian BANKS were puddled to provide institutional credit and other facilities to the small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans and small entrepreneurs in rural areas under 20 point stinting Program of the central government. 19 such banks were established in 1976, one in each state. They were given a jurisdiction to work, freedom to have branches or agencies within their jurisdiction and were put under the sponsorship of a nationalized bank. self-command pattern of the capital was 35% with sponsor bank, 50% with the central govt. and 15% with the state govt. D. CHANGING PROFILE Indian economic policy has been founded on the philosophy of economic growth and social justice. Indian banking sector has undergone a dynamic change over the years based on the needs of its frugality. Most classical among them are- REACH- The branch network of Indian banking system in so blanket(a), it covers almost al l remote corners of India. It is one of the largest networks in the world. DEVT- The diversification and development of our economy and its rapid growth is all because of our banking systems credit to various priority sectors. These achievements have become a ingenuousness because of the changing profile of our banking system over the years. We shall discuss the major changes in the profile as under- D1. CHANGE IN SECURITY ORIENTATION traditionally personal creditworthiness of the borrower mattered a lot for any credit to be released. It meant, safety of the credit alone mattered for the banks and this safety came from the wealth the customers possessed.It efficiently meant that only cockeyed people could borrow from the bank. Now, banks have now changed their orientation from safety to purpose. Credit is now made available to make them creditworthy. Hence, technical competence of the borrower, operational flexibility and economic viability of the project has become more big than the security offered by the borrower. D2. CHANGE IN REGIONAL IMBALANCES Private Banks opened their branches in urban locations because of the business potential. As a result Rural India remained upset by the banks. For example, pre-nationalization of banks there were only 12555 branches of banks in the entire country and they were located mainly in the urban centers.Post nationalization of banks number of branches has quick risen and as of Mar-09 it stands at 82408 branches. It is important to note that over 49% of these branches are now in the rural areas. It gives evidence that banking network has now spread uniformly to cover the entire nation without rural-urban bias. D3. CHANGE IN BANKING HABIT As a natural corollary to the development in the field of branch banking, development of baking habits in India have grown at an unparalleled footprint. Banks have successfully induced the customers to save a part of their earning in banks for the future. Some banks even sent th eir agents entry to door to collect the savings. This helped the banks to diversify their lending portfolio considerably.If the deposits & advances counted for 13% & 10% of GDP respectively in 1969 they shot up to a whopping 50% & 25% respectively in 2002. D4. CHANGE IN BANKERS ATTITUDE A welcome change is the change in the attitude of the bankers. Earlier lending had a wholesale character coupled with the security of the credit. This attitude of the bankers made the banking facilities almost the exclusive prerogative of the elite classes. With the branches reaching the rural areas banking went retail and for the ordinary masses. appropriate of credit no more became a matter of privilege it became available for genuine production need based purely on technical norms. D5.CHANGE IN BANKING PRODUCTS As the focus got shifted from wholesale to retail banking, private banks in particular came up with novel products to suit the needs of the retail customers, like- home loan, auto loan, c redit card, etc. Pigmy deposit introduced by Syndicate Bank and imitated by others in its various forms for example aimed at pooling idle money and inculcate saving habits among people. Banks sent their agents door to door to collect the deposit money on a daily basis and without setting a minimum. Bank deposits grew substantially because of this scheme. Such innovative products were considered a tough proposition earlier by the banks due to the volume of operations involved. Now, computerization of banking system has removed this difficulty.Some of the banks have started offering even auto FD where amounts above a pre set limit gets converted automatically into FD to fetch higher interest and gets redeemed automatically when cheques are presented and the account runs short of balance. D6. CHANGE IN MODE OF BANKING When the banking system was manually operated, almost all services were time consuming except depositing money into the account in the base branch where the account is m aintained. Computerization of banking has made service faster the entire country is made to appear like one branch and even the necessity to go to the bank during banking hours for transactions is beseeming redundant. money can be drawn from ATM anytime, even during holidays and bills can be paid directly to the account from ones own office. D7.CHANGE IN NON-BANKING ACTIVITIES Many banks have diversified their activities beyond traditional banking activities like equipment leasing, hire purchase financing and factoring acting as agents for the customers. A major step in this direction is the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank D8. CHANGE IN APPROACH TO CREDIT As a corollary to the shift from security orientation to purpose orientation, banks approach to credit also changed from lending to development in the recent past. Banks started lending for the purpose of industrial development, providing access to capital market and long term savings of the economy. They even started specialize d branches to cater to the specific needs of the customers, like- NRI Branch, Overseas Branch, SSI Branch, Recovery Branch, etc. D9.CHANGE IN CUSTOMER SERVICE Private Banks started giving more focus to customer care in order to win more business. They even gave free collection and delivery facilities to HNI customers. To cope with the increasing banking habit, RBI too came up with a Banking Ombudsman scheme to redress the customers complaints. E. CHALLENGES AHEAD Banks have sacrificed some qualitative aspects of growth while expanding the banking system to achieve development and increase its reach. Prudent regulations have no doubt helped to ensure general stability, but enhanced efficiency would necessitate institutional changes in the inner(a) functioning of the banks in the following fields- E1.ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Centralized structures work wonders under uniform conditions. As the banks diversify their business into the field of agriculture, rural development and other p riority sectors they have to deal with unlike types of customers who need different kind of treatment. They can not afford to force the standard school practices on all the customers uniformly. For example, to finance rural development it is very much essential that banks evolve simple and meaningful procedures to the comfort of the rural folks. The most common complaint against banks is the under-financing and non-availability of timely credit to meet the borrowers need based requirements.Hence, banks must revamp their organizational structures by delegating power, decentralizing control and monitoring performance. E2. EXCELLENCE IN heed Quality of management is another challenge in the face of fast expansion. Here are ten critical characteristics of a good bank management- 1. An open culture and extensive vertical and horizontal communication, 2. Strong shared values, 3. Profit performance as a value, 4. Customer focused business orientation, 5. Willingness to invest in tonic products, 6. Strong sense of direction and consistent leadership, 7. Commitment to recruit silk hat persons, 8. Investment in training, 9. Product information system and 10. Strong credit risk management. E3. corporate GOVERNANCE There are instances where the boards have shown vacillation to ratify and adopt RBI circulated covenants on professinalization of bank boards. Corporate political science can not be enforced through regulations, it must chute from within. E4. EMPLOYEE COMPETENCY Together with the change in organizational structure there is a need to increase employee competency also. When rude(a) entrants into the market like Mutual Funds are cutting into the business of the banks, contemporary banking is congruous more and more skill sensitive and information technology is throwing new challenges to the banking systems, employee competency has become all the more important to retain the living business of the banks and expand it. E5.APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY Well estab lished banks are facing stiff competition from the new entrant banks in monetary value of use of appropriate technology that makes banking convenient. The established banks do use modern technology but are way behind in maintaining pace and are challenged by these new entrants in order to remain in business. E6. NONPERFORMING ASSETS These are popularly known as NPA, the loans that do not perform- loans under litigation or bad loans that are doubtful of recovery. 6. 2% of loans of scheduled commercial banks were NPA and the public sector banks had to write off 42. 5% of the NPA as on 31. 3. 2002. It reflects on the superior of the loan portfolio. At 5% NPA, 17 out of 21 major banks in Japan were on the red.As per developed country standards it has to be around 2%. Hence, banks have to bring down the NPA ratio drastically. E7. DIRECTED CREDIT NPA as discussed above is a direct result of the quality of the loan portfolio of the banks. The system of directed credit to priority sector has no doubt brought impressive performance in quantitative terms but qualitatively it has brought more loan delinquencies since the relation between credit expansion and productivity has become weak. Political impediment in credit decision-making is pointed out as a factor. The populist phenomenon of loan mela is certainly contrary to the professional appraisal of bank credit needs.What is required to improve the quality of loan is- 1. Serious appraisal of credit need, 2. possible productive activity and 3. Effective post credit supervision. E8. RISK MANAGEMENT Risk is intrinsic to any business all the more to banking. Risks encountered by banks have increased with the diversity of banking business and growing sophistication of banking operations. The major risks encountered by banks are credit risk, interest rate risk, operational risk, forex risk and liquidity risk. While deregulation has opened up new vistas for banks to shore up more revenue, it has entailed greater competiti on and greater risks too. Hence, greater assist needs to be iven in strengthening of internal controls of risk management. E9. wander INDUSTRIAL UNITS Funds locked up in industrial sickness has reached a staggering 2% of the entire credit of the banking system in troop 2000. When sick units have to be nursed for social objectives banks should not be forced to suffer actual stakeholders must bear the burden of breast feeding them. When sick units are nationalized for protecting the employment or they are public sector entities, govt. must give adequate compensation to the banks to cover their dues which seldom happens in reality. It is neither legitimate nor practical for the banks to nurse sick units in all circumstances. E10.PROFIT PLANNING Banking can not run like other profit making business since excessive and unjustified profits can only be at the cost of development of the society so far as the lending rates push up the production cost and ultimately is passed on to the cus tomer. At the same time strong operating profits allow for allocations to capital and reserves which are very much essential for any bank to maintain its competitive viability. This setback was realized in the 90s when the nationalized banks posted declining profits. Nevertheless, plan efforts by these banks improved the situation by 2002. Stiff competition makes the banks to work on thin interest rate margins but to increase their profitability, they have to increase their fee based non-fund services substantially. E11.CUSTOMER SERVICE Though entry of new private banks no doubt has increased the quality of customer service, it is by and large confined to urban areas and to wealthy customers. and the educated and wealthy customers have access to detailed information on all the banking facilities available. Customer care is very much wanting in public sector banks where the unionized employees are sure of not losing their jobs on this count. Efforts must be made to collect customer feedback on fixing basis and remedy the defects pointed out if any, at the earliest wherever possible. E12. world(a) STANDARDS Computerization has revolutionized in banking in India. But it has not yet made much progress in expanding it beyond the ational keeparies. Not many branches of Indian banks are found outside India. Just like its progress in Information Technology and software, India has to make good progress in the banking sector internationally since allocation of capital can not be bound by geographical boundaries. COMMERCIAL BANK A. FEATURES Commercial banks are private or public limited joint stock banking companies registered under Indian Companies Act. There are three distinct features of a commercial bank- they accept DEPOSITS on lower cost and give CREDIT on higher cost and the cost difference between deposit and credit is their GAIN. For more details refer features of a bankIts substance to earn profits depends on its investment policy which in turn depends on the manner in which it manages its investment portfolio. Portfolio management refers to prudent management of a banks profit, liquidity and safety. But most commercial banks have gone way ahead of their basic functions introducing a host of fee based ancillary financial services in order to maximize their profits. Thus a commercial bank now may be defined as an institution that accepts deposits from the public on lower cost and lends it on credit on higher cost as well as offers ancillary services for a fee in order to increase its profits. B. ROLE IN FINANCIAL SYSTEM Commercial banks strive to earn a profit.At the same time their entire business of credit depends on public money deposited with them. Hence, they can not afford to risk public money just to increase their own profits. It is common knowledge that national level bank strikes throttle the lifeline of the nations economy and inflict heavy losses on the GDP. The significance of banks role in the financial system must be u nderstood in the address of Walter Leaf, who says The banker is the universal arbiter of the worlds economy Commercial banks have to play a major role in three distinct areas- Providing fiscal liquidity to the financial system, Giving capital protection to the economy and Speeding up economic growth of the nation. B1.FISCAL LIQUIDITY By fiscal liquidity we mean the capacity to produce cash on demand. The most important role of any bank is to provide liquidity to the financial system. Banks pool around idle money in small pockets through their wide spread branches into a large capital and redeploy it wherever needed. For better management of credit, banks like to have as much funds in liquid as possible while maximization of gain is possible only by deploying upper limit available funds on credit. Both are important for the bank. Hence, bank has to strike an effective balance between them so that neither its profitability suffers nor the liquidity of the market is affected. Liqu idity of the assets of the bank is planned in three stages- a.CASH is the most liquid asset. But it is an idle asset earning no returns for the bank. Yet certain percent of deposits must be always kept in reserve with the Central Bank in addition to cash in hand to meet immediate withdrawal of deposit. This is known as Cash Reserve Ratio or CRR. It is decided by the Central Bank. b. CALL MONEY is the investment in Money Market, adherence Market and Reverse Repo. Money Market securities include short term securities like Certificate of Deposit CD of banks, Commercial Papers CP of companies, treasury bills of the govt. which give stable but low returns and long term govt. securities whose let depend on the interest scenario. Bond Market securities include Medium Term as well as Long Term bonds of any banks or companies tradable in the secondary bond market. They are bought and sold at discount or premium and hence, their yield also depends on interest scenario. Reverse Repo is the system through which RBI borrows from commercial banks to absorb excess liquidity at lower interest rate. These funds are made available to commercial banks through bills buy under repo system on a little higher interest. These securities are the next best liquid assets but the returns from these securities are low. But it is important to select only those securities which give a fairly stable return.These securities can easily be liquidated in the Market with short notice. RBI prescribes a Statutory Liquidity Ratio or SLR for banks by which banks have to maintain certain percent of their deposits as liquid assets. c. CREDIT and investments give maximum gain to the bank but they are the least liquid. Hence, these assets should be created only in required proportion, never as a priority. Among them, short term credits are preferred by banks over long term credits for the sake of liquidity. B2. CAPITAL SAFETY Commercial banks strive to earn profit. But this must be done through prud ent ways without risking the deposits of their customers. They have an important role to play in the capital protection. Hence, 1. apology of deposits must be the top priority for the banks. Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation set up by the govt. gives guarantee only up to Rupees one lakh per customer in case a bank fails and has to be closed down. 2. Banks must avoid investing in equity related instruments or giving loan for speculative business since equity market weakens capital safety to a large extent. This is required to increase stability of the capital. 3. Banks have to use self restraint in their credit to other volatile businesses like real estate, film manufacturing, etc. Similarly they must be extra cautious while accepting volatile securities as surety for credit. 4.Banks must restrict long term credits and investments to a small percent since capital safety in short term credits is higher than the long term credits. 5. in the lead giving clean loans, b anks must have a thorough reality check on the creditworthiness of the borrowers to repay the loan on time. 6. Banks must maintain a fair margin between their interest rates on deposits and credits. B3. ECONOMIC GROWTH Banks have a greater role to play in the economic growth of the nation through economic development of all the sectors. Hence, they must provide more credit to developmental and productive activities than non-productive or consumption oriented activities.Basically there are three types of developmental activities- Large capital based corporate activities, medium or small capital based priority sector activities and export activity. a. CORPORATE SECTOR- While funding developmental activities, banks find it easy to provide credit to large capital based profit making corporates in industry & trade since timely repayment of credit received by them with interest is almost guaranteed. Funding is required not only for corporates but also for other sectors like industry, trad e, service, infrastructure, transport, housing, power, finance, technology, etc and the banks can not overlook one sector at the expense of the other. Besides, corporate sector companies also have the capacity to increase its capital base or raise funds from the open market by issuing their own bonds.In other run-in they do not depend heavily on banks for their capital requirements where as others heavily depend on banks. Hence, banks must use their prudence while deciding percentages for corporate credit. Large capital companies, particularly industry contribute to the economic growth of the nation not only by increasing production but also by increasing job opportunities. But their main drawback is that they are basically profit oriented and development is a byproduct of their activity. They are reluctant to venture into non-profit sectors that are essential for a balanced growth of economy. b. PRIORITY SECTOR- For all-round and real development there are certain priority sectors of the nation that require funding avail by the banks.They are- infrastructure development like housing, rail and road construction, power, transport, etc. as well as small scale industry, trade, technology, agriculture, etc. From the profit perspective these priority sectors may not be always lucrative. It will not be always easy for these sectors either to increase their capital or borrow from open market they depend heavily on banks for their capital requirements. RBI has mandated 40% of the total credit of all cooperative & scheduled banks and 32% for foreign banks towards priority sector lending. Banks are allowed to invest in special bonds or investment instruments of these sectors to meet these requirements. c. AGRICULTURE SECTOR is surely a super priority sector.It must attract special attention of the banks since self sufficiency in agriculture has to be a top priority of any nation. Agricultural production is commercially null at least in Indian context. Small and mediu m farmers produce just enough to sustain since their personal labor in agricultural production gets them no returns. Any other production can wait, not food it has to be produced proportional to the population irrespective of the cost. For the same reason, governments are providing subsidy and refinance facilities for agriculture. Banks must ensure that the government benefits really reach the medium and small farmers. d. EXPORT SECTOR is not an exclusive sector like corporate or priority sector.It can pervade both corporate as well as priority sectors. Economies of the world are so interdependent that each country must have enough reserves in the currencies of other countries to pay the bills for supplies received from those countries. In its absence they end up in raising foreign debt which in turn has a cost by way of interest or else they end up in depleting nations gold reserves. If a country depends on foreign supplies, it must give high priority to exports to that country to strengthen their balance of payment. In such a situation banks must step in to provide credit to export activities in a preferred manner to increase countys reserves in that currency. C.MULTIPLE CREDIT CREATION There are two views on whether banks can create credit- One view held by Walter Leaf is that banks can not create money out of thin air. They can lend what they have in cash. Another view held by Hartley Withers is that banks can create credit by opening a deposit every time they advance a loan. It is interesting to know that in an effort to maintain lowest possible idle cash, banks end up in increasing the money in circulation without increasing tender cash currency while creating credit In fact, credit creation is one of the most important functions of a commercial bank. They increase the purchasing power of people. Let us see how does this happen. C1.METHOD When bank gives a loan it pre-supposes that bank has cash through deposits. From the deposit bank gives loan which in turn gets deposited in the bank account. It creates an asset as well as a deposit with the bank. The beneficiary customer can issue cheques for payments in addition to the breathing customers who have originally deposited the money. Thus money available in circulation superficially becomes more than the actual tender cash currency. This is the view of practical bankers. cover Example Let us presume that our country has only one bank B and all the citizens are heavily into banking making the cash requirement of B just 10%.B gets total demand deposit of R. myriad and that is the only currency in circulation in our country. Balance sheet of B will read as follows LIABILITIES ASSETS Deposits 10000 Cash in Hand 10000 TOTAL 10000 TOTAL 10000 B has to maintain 10% of its deposit of 10000 which is 1000 as cash reserve. It implies that B can give 9000 as loan. It creates an additional deposit as it is released to the deposit account while creating a credit of 9000 and the new balance sheet will read thus LIABILITIES ASSETS Deposits 19000 Cash in Hand 10000

Critical Success Factors and Marketing Mix Essay

Executive compactThe purpose of this herald is to provide an insight into the footwear order TOMS diminutive triumph ciphers (CSFs) and make commendations for the company found on them. CSFs cast be travel along intrinsic elements to strategic planning and no business send away grasp consistent success without effectively adopting them, it is a term that describes a comp 1nt that is essential for a company to survive in its tasks. (Howell, M. 2009) The report will identify, analyse and evaluate TOMS critical success agents (CSFs) on the founding of the market and merchandising merge that surrounds the company. The marketing incorporate is defined as a set of controll adequate to(p), tactical marketing tools that stinkpot be intermingle to produce the desired results inside the target market.(Kotler, P. Et al, 2010). The report will indeed provide potential associations between the divisors of the marketing mix and the CSFs of TOMS, suggesting potential spays t o the marketing mix and what the effects of the changes whitethorn be.Research Methods The question methods belowtaken in the report atomic number 18 secondary. The CSFs of TOMS I surrender presented come as a result of previous look into carried out at bottom a group project based on the company, in which we analysed the microeconomic and macroeconomic operators of TOMS, allowing us to present a list of critical success factors. Basic findings and RecommendationsThe three key Critical Success Factors for TOMS I gain chosen to see into are firstly for the company to expand into wider markets. second is for TOMS to tension on their business ethics and their ethical procedures. The final CSF is the marketing and revealment of TOMS. The recommendations are mainly based upon making changes to the factors of TOMS marketing mix that link to its CSFs. Some of the factors, such as product, place, promotion and positioning do-nothing be changed slightly to aid in TOMS CSFs and re sult in great benefits for the company. However I recommend that some of the factors of the marketing mix are not as vital for TOMS success as the former(a)s and hence do not need to be changed as much.TOMS (2013)About TOMSTOMS originated from the volume Tomorrow, which further originated from the Shoes for Tomorrow Project. The company was founded in 2006 by Blake Mycoskie, who make an idea whilst on vacation doing voluntary work. Mycoskie had noticed how umpteen children in Argentina were without shoes, provoking him to sell his company for $ d,000 and invest in TOMS. The company went on to sell 10,000 pas de deuxs of shoes in its first 6 months. By 2012 over 2million pairs of shoes had been donated in over 40 countries, with over 500 retailers selling them. (TOMS 2012)Business ModelTOMS is a for earn company, however they exact a non-profit subsidiary, Friends of TOMS. The company designs and sells shoes based on the Argentine Alpargata design, as well as eyewear. The shoe s are made from canvas or cotton fabric with a rubber sole and come in a variety of colours and styles. The business model is referred to as the one(a) for unmatchable concept. The slogan lend oneselfd by TOMS is One for One. The model uses a word for mouth advocacy and the main focus for the business is based on corporate and social responsibilities.When TOMS sells a pair of shoes, a pair of shoes is given to an impoverished child. When TOMS sells eyewear, part of the profit is used to save or restore the eyesight for great deal in developing countries. TOMS in any case works with a large variety of charities and no(prenominal) Government Organisations in order to distribute its shoes and create sensation for the cause. (TOMS 2012)Countries we distribute to TOMS Giving Report (2012)The Critical Success FactorsThe first CSF for TOMS to succeed is for them to expand. TOMS electric currently only sell through other retailers and online stores, meaning that they have a lack of physical presence on the high street. If TOMS acquired a chain of physical stores it would allow them to provide their whole range of declivity to an increased potential customer base. It would also allow them to market and advertise themselves more(prenominal) successfully, making their brand cognise to more the great unwashed. TOMS already has beneficial over 500 retailers for their products worldwide, however I think that they could benefit from having more, oddly as there are only a handful in the UK. They may be able to increase their presence in more countries worldwide. TOMS could also expand their product range and move into new areas of garb or accessories.The second factor surrounds the ethics of their business. Although TOMS is focused heavily on creation a socially and corporately responsible company,research showed that it has come under a vast amount of scrutiny regarding its policies and ethical procedures. in that respect is a growing opposition to the TOMS business model and the way TOMS operates. The one for one system is being scrutinised and the way in which TOMS shoes are produced are being questioned. TOMS need to clearly establish how they manufacture their shoes and illustrate the benefits of the one for one system, helping impoverished people.The final CSF is to increase their marketing. This is based around the marketing of TOMs products and the business itself. Whilst the company is known worldwide, it only advertises its products through fashion shows, word of mouth marketing and pop-up-stores. If TOMS were to change its marketing techniques such as advertising through social and other forms of media, they could pose more of a threat to competition and reach a much wider audience. My research illustrated that TOMS do not currently have many marketing methods other than those mentioned above, resulting in TOMS being frequently overshadowed by opponent companies.Blake Mycoskie, TOMS (2011)How does the marketing mix link wi th the CSFs?The factors of the marketing mix that link to the first CSF are Placement and Product. Placement is where and how the product is sold. For example, it could be where TOMS products can be bought and how they may be bought, such as online, in a physical store or at trade shows. It would aid TOMS elaboration if they were to use a combination of placement methods for their company and products. I recommend that they implement more distribution channels and ensure that they offer a wider variety of ways for consumers to buy their products. The next factor, product, can relate to the CSF in that TOMS need to expand their product range, offering a wider range of products. This may allow them to gain market superiority over its rivals and head up the company into new markets. I recommend that TOMS evaluate their products life cycles and look into potential new product development in order to do this CSF.The second factor that relates to TOMS CSFs is positioning. Positioning is about how the company stands within their market, such as how the customers and rivals see the company. This factor links in with TOMS CSF of being an ethically and socially responsible company. Research suggested that TOMS has large amount of people opposing its ethical procedures and its business model. If they were to re-evaluate their market position and try to encouragement their current image by re-assuring customers that the one for one model is in fact beneficial to impoverished people, as well as providing render that their shoes are made ethically, they will silence their critics. TOMS may also want to adapt to its competitors marketed position, focusing on their USPs and making the near of them.The final marketing mix factor that can link with the CSFs of TOMS is promotion. This consists of all the ways in which TOMS products and services are advertised and sold. My research suggested that TOMS currently has a relatively poor promotion structure, therefore if they were able to change the way that they promote and advertise themselves, they could abolish the problem. Making use of promotional tools such as advertisement, public relations, direct marketing and sponsorship, TOMS could restore their promotional factor of the marketing mix to further allow them to succeed.There are however three factors of the marketing mix that dont tend to link with the CSFs. The first factor is equipment casualty. Although research suggests that some may think that TOMS products are overpriced for what they are, they still succeed in selling a very large amount. TOMS has appeared to do well with its current price structure, therefore I do not think that the price factor needs to be changed in order to aid the CSFs.The next factor is box. Packaging for TOMS seems to be a minor issue, if an issue at all. The packaging for TOMS products is more than satisfactory and has little to no effect on their current CSFs. As a result of this, packaging is not as beta in the marketing mix for TOMS as the other factors.The final factor that has less effect on the CSFs is people. TOMS only has around 80 employees, however if the company were to expand this would be much more. Currently, the people factor doesnt aid in helping TOMS achieve success as much as the other factors, however if the CSFs develop and TOMS expands, people may become more and more important for the company. It would be essential that they have the right people on board to help them achieve their goals in the long run.TOMS Giving Report (2012)REFERENCESHowell, M.T. (2009) Critical Success Factors The measurable path to success. Taylor and Francis. Accessed 19th April 2013TOMS (No Date) Corporate Responsibility at TOMS Online Available from http//www.toms.com/corporate-responsibility/ Accessed twentieth April 2013TOMS (No Date) Official Website, Available from http//www.toms.co.uk/ Accessed 28th February 2013TOMS (No Date) Corporate Information Online Available from http//www.toms.co m/corp-info/ Accessed twentieth April 2013Kotler, P.J., Armstrong, G.M., (2010). The Principles of market, P 76 Pearson education Accessed 22nd April 2013Schultz, D. and Dev, C. (2012) Revisiting the marketing mix. Marketing Management P45-47 Accessed 22nd April 2013

Assess the sociological explanation of science and ideology of belief system? Essay

Sociologists argue that wisdom and political theory can both be vox populi systems. In the eighteenth century was the era of the enlightenment. People started to think and enquiry was there more than than honourable a God and thats where attainment was introduced. People started to drug abuse rational bearings of thinking to explain things that happened. Science has been used to bourgeon different parts in society such(prenominal) as medication and technology that we use in everyday life. But it has alike caused problems such as pollution and global warming. Science has cognitive power, it can consent to us to explain, predict and control the military man. According to Popper intelligence is an open conception system where every scientists theories atomic number 18 open to scrutiny, criticised and tested by others. He says that science is governed by the principle of falsificationism.This is whereby scientists set egress to soften and falsify existing theories, deliberately playking enjoin that would disprove them. such as the detail that the big bang is a possible action that everyone acknowledges unless there is much more that scientists do not know and more needed to be found therefore it could be mistaken. It argues that there invariably can be more and more evidence for every theory that has ever been made and be. Then when disproving these knowledge claims aloneows scientific world to grow. It is cumulative, whereby it builds on achievements of previous scientists. This explanation shows that science can be a belief system as nothing can ever be proven 100% as there will always be both(prenominal)thing or someone that will disprove a theory with other evidence and therefore people belief what they take a leak been told.This is much like organized religion in a way by the occurrence that religion cannot be proven it is something that people belief in. If popper is correct then it still leaves the question of why science has grown over the last few centuries. Merton argues that science can only thrive as a major kindly institution if it receives support from other institutions and values. He argues that this occurred in England as a result of the values and attitudes created by the protestant reformation especially Puritanism. The beliefs that they had to understand nature led appreciation of Gods works, encouraged them to experiment.They dysphoric cordial welf ar and were attracted to the fact that science could fuck off technological inventions to remedy the conditions of life. Like Popper, Merton argues that science as an institution or organised social activity needs ethos that cast off scientists work in a way that serves the goal of increasing scientific knowledge. He identifies four such norms, collectivism because scientific knowledge is not private property and they must carry on their findings with the scientific community.Universalism, the lawfulness or falsity of scientific know ledge is judged by universal, objective criteria and not by the busy race or rouse of the scientist who produces it. Disinterestedness, the instrument world committed to discovering knowledge for its own sake by publishing their findings for others to check their claims. Organised scepticism, the fact that no knowledge dollar is sacred. Every idea is open to questioning, criticism and objective investigation. By limit despite Poppers pick up of science as an open and critical, some others argue that science itself can be moderaten as a self-sufficient or unsympathetic system of beliefs. For model, Polanyi argues that all belief systems reject important challenges to their knowledge claims science is no different, as the skid of Dr Velikovsky indicates. One deterrent example for scientists refusal even to consider such challenges comes from a historian of science.Kuhn argues that a mature science such as geology, biology or indwelling philosophy is based on a set of sh argond assumptions that he calls a paradigm. This tells the scientist what reliableity is like, the problems to study, and what methods and equipment to use. Scientific education and training is a process of being socialised into faith in the truth of the paradigm, and a successful rush depends on on the job(p) within paradigms. For these reasons, any scientist who challenges the fundamental assumptions of the paradigms. Others in the scientific community will no longer get a line him or her as a scientist at all. The only exceptions to this are during one of the rare periods that Kuhn describes as a scientific revolution, when faith in the truth of the paradigm has already been undermined by an accumulation of anomalies, the results that the paradigm cannot account for.Only then do scientists become open to radically new values. Interpretivist sociologists have developed Kuhns ideas further. They argue that all knowledge including scientific knowledge is socially constructed. T hat is quite a than being objective truth it is created by social classifys using the resources lendable to them. In this case of science, scientific fact- those things that scientists take to be true and real are the product of shared theories or paradigms that tell them what they should expect to command, and of the special(prenominal) instruments they use.Therefore Karin Knorr- Cetina argues that the invention of new instruments, such as telescopes or microscopes, permitsscientists to make mew observations and construct or fabricate new facts. Similarly she horizontal surfaces let out that what scientists study in the laboratory is highly constructed and far removed from the natural world that they are supposedly studying. According to the ethnomethodologist Woolgar, scientists are engaged in the same process of making sense or interpreting the world as everyone else. With the evidence from experiments they have to decide what it means. They do so by devising and applying theories or explanations, but they then have to persuade others to accept their interpretations.An example of this is in the case of the discovery of pulsar. The scientists initially annotated the patterns shown on their printouts from the radio telescope as LGM1. Recognising that this was an unacceptable interpretation from the view point of the scientific community they eventually settled on the notion that the patterns represent the signals from a type of star which is unknown to science. There is still a debate about what the signals really meant. As Woolgar notes a scientific fact is simply a social construction or belief that scientists are able to persuade their colleagues to share. This therefore shows that science can be a cogitate system as science is socially constructed and people believe in what they are told even if it true or not. There are excessively other critical perspectives such as Marxism and feminism which see scientific knowledge as far from pure truth. In stead they regard it as serving the interests of dominant groups, the ruling dissever in the case of Marxists and men for feminists.Therefore many advances in supposedly pure science have been driven by the need of capitalism for certain types of knowledge. For example biological ideas have been used to justify both male subordination and colonial expansion. In this respect science can be seen as a form of ideology. In a different sense postmodernists also reject the knowledge claim of science to have the truth. In the view of Lyotard for example science is one of a number of Meta narratives that falsely claims to accept the truth. In Lyotards view science falsely claims to offer the truth about how the world works as a means of get up to a better society, whereas in reality he argues science is just one more one way of thinking that is used to overshadow people.Sociologists have come up with a definition for ideology which is a worldview or a set of ideas and values, which is basically a belief system. Although ideology is used in many ways these are a distorted, false ormistaken ideas about the work, ideas that conceal the interests of a particular groups, ideas that stop changes by misleading people, and a self- sustaining belief system that is irrational and closed to criticism. here are a number of theories of ideology one of which is Marxists that see society as divided into two opposed classes, them that own the means of take and control the state, and a majority working class who are property less and therefore forced to sell their labour to the capitalist. They see the ruling class to not only control the means of production but ideas through institutions. In a result it produces the ruling class ideology, ideas that legitimate or justify the status quo. The dominant ideas are them or the ruling class and they function to prevent change by creating a false sense among workers. However despite these ideological barriers, Marx believes that ulti mately the working class will develop a true class consciousness and unite the overthrow capitalism.This shows that ideology is a belief system as in Marxisms case it uses the ruling class believes to stop the suffering from becoming successful. Feminists see gender inequality as the fundamental department and patriarchal ideology as playing a key role in legitimating it. Because a gender difference is a feature of all societies there exists many different ideologies to justify it. For example how ideas from science have been used to justify excluding women from education. In addition to patriarchal ideologies is science, those embodied in religious beliefs and practices have also been used to define women as inferior. This also shows that ideology can be a belief system in terms of beliefs and ideas about women and how inferior they are to men. Mannheim sees all belief systems as a partial or sided view worldview.Their one sidedness results from being the rack of one particular group or class and its interests. This leads him to distinguish between to board types of belief system or worldview. They are ideological thought which justifies keeping things as they are and utopian thought which justifies social change. Mannheim sees these worldviews as creations of groups of intellectuals who attach themselves to particular classes or social groups. However because these intellectuals represent the interests of particular groups and not society as a whole they only produce partial views of reality.The belief system of each class or group only gives us a partial truth about the world. In conclusion there is evidence to showthat both science and ideology can be a belief system. This is shown by using things such as science as an open and close belief system. The fact that science can never be objective because theories and experiments are carried out by humans which have feelings and therefore subjective. Science also seen as being socially constructed. The fact that Marxists and feminists see science also as a belief system that serves the interests of dominant groups. The idea that ideology is a belief system is seen as true as this is how sociologists define ideology.