Neutralization Titration using a Strong Acid and Weak Base Essay

What mass of sodium carbonate is needed to make 250cm3 of a 0.0500 mol dm-3 solution? What is the concentration of the Hydrochloric acid of 0.108 mols? This experiment involves the making of a standard sodium carbonate solution and using the exact concentration of this solution to find the accurate concentration of an approximately 0.1mol Hydrochloric acid solution using an indicator (Methyl Orange). We will be using the same amount of indicator and Sodium Hydroxide solution for this experiment each time it is repeated to minimize any errors that may occur. It is expected that through this experiment we will observe a color change of the indicator from the Alkaline yellow, to a strong orange colored solution. We will be measuring the amount of Hydrochloric acid that is required each time this experiment is repeated to determine the concentration of the Hydrochloric acid. Variables Dependent variable 1. The dependent variable would be the Hydrochloric acid as the amount used will depend on the experimenter’s actions Independent variable 1. the control variable is the experimenter’s eye and judgment Control Variables 1. the volume of Sodium Carbonate in each titration 2. the mole of the Hydrochloric acid used 3. the mole of the Sodium carbonate solution used 4. the indicator used (Methyl Orange) Materials and Equipment Part A 1. Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate (NaCO3) 2. Deionized water 3. 100 cm3 Beaker 4. 250 cm3 Volumetric Flask with stopper 5. Small Funnel Part B 1. Volumetric flask of 250 cm3 NaCO3 from part A 2. 20.00 cm3 pipette 3. Methyl orange indicator 4. 50 cm3 Burette 5. Small Beaker 6. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 7. 100 cm3 Conical flask(s) Diagram Method Part A 1. An amount of Approximately 1.325g of anhydrous sodium carbonate was weighed and its mass recorded 2. The anhydrous sodium carbonate was then dissolved in a small amount of deionized water and was transferred to a 250 cm3 volumetric flask using a small funnel. 3. Using small amounts of deionized water, any residual sodium carbonate solution was washed into the flask. This was done three times. 4. Additional deionized water was added to a third of the volumetric flask and the stopped was applied and the flask was shaken to dissolve any remaining anhydrous sodium hydroxide solution. 5. An additional 100 cm3 of deionized water was added and was mixed thoroughly 6. The flask was then filled with deionized water up to the 250 cm3 mark Part B 1. The 20 cm3 pipette was rinsed with sodium carbonate solution from part A. then 20.00 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution was transferred through the pipette into a 100 cm3 conical flask 2. 2 drops of methyl orange indicator was added to the conical flask 3. The 50 cm3 Burette was rinsed with approximately 0.1 mol hydrochloric solution then was filled with hydrochloric acid 4. The initial burette reading was recorded to the nearest 0.02 cm3 5. Hydrochloric acid was titrated against the indicated sodium carbonate solution until a color change from yellow to orange occurs. The final burette reading was recorded to the nearest 0.02 cm3 6. This experiment was identically repeated until three concordant results were obtained Safety 1. A lab coat must be worn when performing this experiment to reduce exposure to any chemical splashes Data Collection Concentration of HCl solution = 0.108 mol ·dm3 Uncertainties 1. Burette  ±0.02 2. Pipette  ±0.06 3. Scale  ±0.001 4. Titre  ±0.04 Amount of Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate weighed = 1.325  ±0.001 Amount of Sodium Carbonate solution used = 20 cm3 Physical observations: Part A 1. When the anhydrous sodium carbonate was mixed with the deionized water, we saw no color change in the water and the sodium carbonate dissolved completely Part B 1. The sodium carbonate solution was clear, when the indicator was added it became a strong yellow color 2. When the hydrochloric acid was added the color slowly changed from yellow to an apricot-like orange 3. When access Hydrochloric acid was added, the solution turned pin Data Processing The total amount of HCl used was: 159.74 cm3  ±0.32cm3 The average volume of Hydrochloric acid used is calculated as:  ±0.32cm3 Due to the observance of a wide spread area of results, I have selected three close results to be more accurate in my calculations. I have selected the highlighted pieces of data from figure 1 The revised average is:  ±0.12 cm3 To convert this to dm3 we divide by 1000, = 0.01846 dm3 To calculate the moles I will use the formula: =0.0125 mols I will find the concentration of sodium carbonate =0.05 mol dm-3 Knowing that this equation is a one to one ratio I can assume that 0.05 mol of sodium carbonate will react with the same number of mols of HCl. The HCl titre of NaCO3 will be calculated using: dm3 I will multiply this by 2 as for every sodium carbonate molecule reacted, I will have 2 Hydrochloric acid molecules. This will give me the moles of HCl To find the concentration I will use the formula The percentage difference is calculated as: The total uncertainty in the whole of Part A and B is: Scale x1 selected pipette x3 Titre x3 The percentage uncertainty of each piece of equipment is Scale: Pipette: Titre: Total percentage uncertainty is: The absolute uncertainty for the concentration is: -3 Conclusion The aim of the experiment is to calculate the unknown concentration of HCl through titration using a strong-acid and a weak-base. The calculated result for the concentration of the HCl is 0.149  ±0.010 mols dm-3. This experiment works on the theory that when the correct amount of acid is added to a base to neutralize it, the pH will be equal to 7, and a color change will occur with an indicator. The percentage difference between my results and the expected results (given by the teacher) is 0.00%. Evaluation In order to decrease any possible error, we have repeated the experiment 8 times in total. Through calculations, we have found that it was the scale that gave us the highest error percentage, thus causing a high overall uncertainty. Any error that may have been caused when we were transferring the sodium carbonate to the conical flask, as a too much or too little amount may have been taken causing the results to fluctuate. Another reason that there may have been an inaccuracy could have been because of human error in reading the scale wrong, for example reading above the meniscus instead of below it. Parallax error is also a possibility; this would cause the calculations and results to fluctuate. Systematic errors such as not zeroing the scale correctly could lead to significant fluctuations in the measurements, or slight inaccuracies to a more accurate reading. However, in this case, there was no percentage error in the results. Improving the experiment Although the results had 0% error, the experiment could be further improved my using a more accurate and reliable way to measure the volume of the HCl that was released by using possibly an electronic measuring device that would be more accurate in reading the scale. The random error can be minimized by performing the experiment a larger amount of times and selecting the best results to average. Another way to improve the experiment, would be to use an electronic magnetic stirrer to stir the substance whilst the titration is occurring to gain a more accurate time for stopping as the reaction will occur much faster due to the continuous constant motion of the stirrer. The best way to fix this type of error is to obtain more accurate scales to measure the substances. Or to have a data logger, with a pH probe to gain accurate readings for the neutralization.